Reply [to “Comment on ‘Acoustic Doppler current profiler observations of a mid‐ocean ridge hydrothermal plume’ by R. E. Thomson et al.”]

Thomson, Richard E.; Gordon, Richard; Gast, J.

doi:10.1029/jc095ic04p05413

Cited by 8 publications

(4 citation statements)

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(2 reference statements)

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“…The cable sensitivity to water currents could be explored to improve our understanding of deepwater flows (thermohaline circulation), including the proposed slowing down of ocean currents due to rising global temperatures (13,14). Furthermore, the joint detection of deepwater currents and seafloor pressure changes caused by the passing of ocean waves implies strong potential for tsunami sensing (15,16). Lastly, while more research is needed to characterize long-term measurement drifts (10), the sensitivity of the optical cables to temperature could be explored for climate change research (17,18).…”

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Optical interferometry–based array of seafloor environmental sensors using a transoceanic submarine cable

Marra

Fairweather

Kamalov

et al. 2022

Science

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Optical fiber–based sensing technology can drastically improve Earth observations by enabling the use of existing submarine communication cables as seafloor sensors. Previous interferometric and polarization-based techniques demonstrated environmental sensing over cable lengths up to 10,500 kilometers. However, measurements were limited to the integrated changes over the entire length of the cable. We demonstrate the detection of earthquakes and ocean signals on individual spans between repeaters of a 5860-kilometer-long transatlantic cable rather than the whole cable. By applying this technique to the existing undersea communication cables, which have a repeater-to-repeater span length of 45 to 90 kilometers, the largely unmonitored ocean floor could be instrumented with thousands of permanent real-time environmental sensors without changes to the underwater infrastructure.

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confidence: 99%

Optical interferometry–based array of seafloor environmental sensors using a transoceanic submarine cable

Marra

Fairweather

Kamalov

et al. 2022

Science

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“…0148-0227/91/90JC-02692505.00 metaliferous particles on the acoustic signal was discounted based on their small (< 100/am) dimensions and low concentrations. Particles greater than 100/am are formed near the vent orifices but quickly settle from the rising plume before reaching the level of neutral buoyancy [Dymond and Roth, 1988;Thomson et al, 1990].…”

Section: Paper Number 90jc02692mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The measured target strength anomaly TS' for each bin is then obtained from (2) by subtracting the corresponding value for the calibration profile; TS' = TS -TSc. Further details on the instrument calibration can be found in the works by Flagg and Smith [1989] and Thomson et al [1989Thomson et al [ , 1990. of inhomogeneities in the plume past the profiler but, for the most part, remained consistently greater than 10 dB above background levels throughout the 13 hours of measurement.…”

Section: Ts= Lolog (I R/io)-lolog(b)mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…As indicated by the intensity anomaly in Figure 2, the spreading plume was also a region of significantly reduced backscatter intensity. Since the acoustic return from the acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) is strongly dependent on the product of biomass concentration and mean backscatter cross section of the scatterers, Thomson et al [1989Thomson et al [ , 1990 attributed the 5-to 10-dB reduction in echo intensity beneath the top of the plume to a decrease in the concentration of macrozooplankton. The effect of suspended Copyright 1991 by the American Geophysical Union.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An intense acoustic scattering layer at the top of a mid‐ocean ridge hydrothermal plume

Thomson¹,

Gordon²,

Dolling³

1991

J. Geophys. Res.

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We have used a tethered oceanic profiling package consisting of a conductivity‐temperature‐depth (CTD) sensor, transmissometer and acoustic Doppler current profiler (ADCP) to investigate the plume emanating from a known hydrothermal vent site at a depth of 2200 m near the crest of Endeavour Ridge in the northeast Pacific Ocean. Acoustic profiles obtained in August 1988 about 3 km to the southwest of the vent site revealed the presence of an intense scattering layer centered at approximately 1870 m depth near the top of the neutrally buoyant portion of the plume. Peak intensity anomalies in the 100‐m‐thick scattering layer ranged from 10 to 15 dB and were of comparable magnitude to upper ocean values observed in the euphotic zone. Below the top of the plume, backscatter intensities were significantly below background levels. We speculate that the strong backscatter layer consists of highly mobile macrozooplankton which congregate near the top of the plume to take advantage of the increased concentrations of nutrients originating with vertical buoyant transport of chemosynthetic bacteria and fine‐grain particles from the vent site. At the same time, the animals are able to avoid toxic levels of hydrothermally derived metals and sulfur inherent to the main body of the plume.

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Acoustical Imaging of Underwater Plumes

Palmer

1995

Acoustical Imaging

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Reply [to “Comment on ‘Acoustic Doppler current profiler observations of a mid‐ocean ridge hydrothermal plume’ by R. E. Thomson et al.”]

Cited by 8 publications

References 4 publications

Optical interferometry–based array of seafloor environmental sensors using a transoceanic submarine cable

Optical interferometry–based array of seafloor environmental sensors using a transoceanic submarine cable

An intense acoustic scattering layer at the top of a mid‐ocean ridge hydrothermal plume

Acoustical Imaging of Underwater Plumes

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