Reply to Comment on: Wannamethee SG, Lowe GDO, Shaper AG, Rumley A, Lennon L, Whincup PH (2004) Insulin resistance, haemostatic and inflammatory markers and coronary heart disease risk factors in Type 2 diabetic men with and without coronary heart disease. Diabetologia 47:1557–1565

Wannamethee, SG; Shaper, A. G.; Whincup, Peter H.

doi:10.1007/s00125-005-1784-5

Cited by 20 publications

(22 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…The pro-oxidative environment also contributes to local and systemic immune system activation and inflammation 199 . Smokers have increased concentrations of neutrophils, lymphocytes and monocytes, as well as pro-inflammatory factors TNF-α, IL-1β, and CRP 199,[203][204][205][206][207] . Increased local inflammation is illustrated by increased expression of IL-6, Il-8 and VCAM-1 199,208 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Drug Treatment of Hypertension: Focus on Vascular Health

Cameron

Lang

Touyz

2016

Drugs

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Hypertension, the most common preventable risk factor for cardiovascular disease and death, is a growing health burden. Serious cardiovascular complications result from target organ damage including cerebrovascular disease, heart failure, ischaemic heart disease and renal failure. While many systems contribute to blood pressure elevation, the vascular system is particularly important, because vascular dysfunction is a cause and consequence of hypertension. Hypertension is characterised by a vascular phenotype of endothelial dysfunction, arterial remodelling, vascular inflammation and increased stiffness. Antihypertensive drugs that influence vascular changes associated with high blood pressure have greater efficacy for reducing cardiovascular risk than drugs that reduce blood pressure but have little or no effect on the adverse vascular phenotype. Angiotensin converting enzyme Key Points• Hypertension is characterized by a vascular phenotype of endothelial dysfunction and structural remodeling.• Anti-hypertensive drugs that target the vascular changes associated with hypertension appear to be most efficacious• New anti-hypertensive drugs should promote vascular health as well as reducing blood pressure 3

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confidence: 99%

Drug Treatment of Hypertension: Focus on Vascular Health

Cameron

Lang

Touyz

2016

Drugs

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“…Welsh et al [10] reported a positive association between leptin and type 2 diabetes in men, but not women, after adjusting for confounding factors. In contrast, another UK based study by Wannamethee et al [7] showed no independent association between leptin and subsequent diabetes. Instead, they reported that obesity and insulin resistance explained most of the association between leptin and subsequent diabetes risk.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 85%

“…High levels of leptin have been shown to be independently associated with diabetes in some [8][9][10][11] but not all studies [7,[12][13][14][15]18]. Of these studies, only two were UK population based studies [7,10].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The evidence regarding the association between leptin and type 2 diabetes risk is conflicting, with some studies showing positive associations [6][7][8][9][10][11] and others showing no association [12][13][14][15]. Similarly, the association between adiponectin and type 2 diabetes risk…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Despite the increasing prevalence of type 2 diabetes in the UK, relatively few UKbased prospective studies [7,10] have examined the association between adipokines and incident diabetes. There is also continued debate over the role of adiponectin and leptin as independent clinical markers of type 2 diabetes risk.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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The relationship between adipokines and the onset of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged men: The PRIME study

Neville

Patterson

Linden

et al. 2016

Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice

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Woodside, J. V. (2016). The relationship between adipokines and the onset of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged men: The PRIME study. Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice, 120,[24][25][26][27][28][29][30] Publisher rights © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. This manuscript version is made available under the CC-BY-NC-ND 4.0 license http://creativecommons.org/licenses/bync-nd/4.0/which permits distribution and reproduction for non-commercial purposes, provided the author and source are cited. General rightsCopyright for the publications made accessible via the Queen's University Belfast Research Portal is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.Take down policy The Research Portal is Queen's institutional repository that provides access to Queen's research output. Every effort has been made to ensure that content in the Research Portal does not infringe any person's rights, or applicable UK laws. If you discover content in the Research Portal that you believe breaches copyright or violates any law, please contact openaccess@qub.ac.uk. Abstract:Aims: Epidemiological evidence suggests that adipokines may be associated with the onset of type 2 diabetes, but the evidence to date is limited and inconclusive. This study examined the association between adiponectin and leptin and the subsequent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes in a UK population based cohort of non-diabetic middle-aged men.Methods: Baseline serum levels of leptin and adiponectin were measured in 1839 nondiabetic men aged 50-60 years who were participating in the prospective population-based PRIME study. Over a mean follow-up of 14.7 years, new cases of type 2 diabetes were determined from self-reported clinical information with subsequent validation by general practitioners.Results: 151 participants developed type 2 diabetes during follow-up. In Cox regression models adjusted for age, men in the top third of the leptin distribution were at increased risk (hazard ratio (HR) 4.27, 95%CI 2.67-6.83) and men in the top third of the adiponectin distribution at reduced risk (HR 0.24, 95%CI 0.14-0.42) relative to men in the bottom third.However, significance was lost for leptin after additional adjustment for BMI, waist to hip ratio, lifestyle factors and biological risk factors, including C-reactive protein (CRP). Further adjustment for HOMA-IR also resulted in loss of significance for adiponectin. Conclusions:This study provides evidence that adipokines are associated with men's future type 2 diabetes risk but not independently of other risk factors.

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Anti-inflammatory agents for smoking cessation? Focus on cognitive deficits associated with nicotine withdrawal in male mice

Saravia

Ten-Blanco

Grande

et al. 2019

Brain, Behavior, and Immunity

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Nicotine withdrawal is associated with cognitive deficits including attention, working memory, and episodic memory impairments. These cognitive deficits are a hallmark of nicotine abstinence which could be targeted in order to prevent smoking relapse. The underlying mechanisms, however, are poorly understood. In this study, memory impairment was observed in mice 4 days after the precipitation of nicotine withdrawal by the nicotinic antagonist mecamylamine. The presence of cognitive deficits correlated with microglial activation in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex. Moreover, an increased expression of neuroinflammatory markers including IL1β, TNFα and IFNγ was found in both memory-related brain regions. Notably, flow cytometric analysis also revealed an enhancement of TNFα and IFNγ plasmatic levels at the same time point during nicotine withdrawal. Impaired neurogenesis, as shown by reduction in the expression of the endogenous cell proliferation marker Ki67 and the early neuron marker doublecortin, was also associated with nicotine abstinence. Treatment with the nonpsychoactive cannabinoid cannabidiol abolished memory impairment of nicotine withdrawal and microglia reactivity, reduced the expression of IL1β and IFNγ in the hippocampus and the prefrontal cortex, respectively, and normalized Ki67 levels. The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug indomethacin also prevented cognitive deficits and microglial reactivity during withdrawal. These data underline the usefulness of antiinflammatory agents to improve cognitive performance during early nicotine abstinence.

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Reply to Comment on: Wannamethee SG, Lowe GDO, Shaper AG, Rumley A, Lennon L, Whincup PH (2004) Insulin resistance, haemostatic and inflammatory markers and coronary heart disease risk factors in Type 2 diabetic men with and without coronary heart disease. Diabetologia 47:1557–1565

Cited by 20 publications

References 3 publications

Drug Treatment of Hypertension: Focus on Vascular Health

Drug Treatment of Hypertension: Focus on Vascular Health

The relationship between adipokines and the onset of type 2 diabetes in middle-aged men: The PRIME study

Anti-inflammatory agents for smoking cessation? Focus on cognitive deficits associated with nicotine withdrawal in male mice

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