Report of resistance to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid in Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae)

Abstract

Susceptibilities of UK and mainland European samples of Trialeurodes vaporariorum (Westwood) to the neonicotinoid insecticide imidacloprid were investigated over a 7 year period. All 24 strains collected between 1997 and 2003 showed similar baseline levels of susceptibility to that of a known susceptible laboratory strain when exposed to a diagnostic concentration (128 mg L(-1)) of formulated imidacloprid. Two samples collected during 2004, one from the UK and one from The Netherlands, demonstrated reduced susceptibility at this concentration. Using dose-response assays, the presence of resistant individuals was disclosed in both these strains; some individuals were unaffected at doses high enough to induce phytotoxic effects. This report represents the first confirmed cases of neonicotinoid resistance inducing control failures in T. vaporariorum, and highlights a need for careful vigilance to sustain the effectiveness of imidacloprid and related neonicotinoid insecticides.

Studies on <i>Aphis gossypii</i> cytochrome P450s CYP6CY22 and CYP6CY13 using an <i>in vitro</i> system

“…1), which achieve excellent control of A. gossypii, target nicotinic acetylcholine (ACh) receptors (nAChRs) of insects. [1][2][3][4] Resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides has developed relatively slowly; however, it is recognized as an important issue, 5) particularly because of the resistance of numerous species such as whiteflies (Bemisia tabaci and Trialeurodes vaporariorum), [5][6][7] brown planthoppers (Nilaparvata lugens), 8) Colorado potato beetles (Leptinotarsa decemlineata), 9) and western flower thrips (Frankliniella occidentalis). 10) Resistance to neonicotinoid insecticides is attributed in some cases to mutations in nAChRs or to increased rates of insecticide detoxification.…”

Novel resistance mechanisms of a wild tomato against the glasshouse whitefly

“…This parasitoid wasp oviposits into the immobile nymph stages of the whitefly, with the subsequent emerging larvae using the nymphs as a food source (Gorman et al 2007). Whilst these agents are a moderately effective control measure, the method has several limitations.…”

The cross-resistance patterns and biochemical characteristics of an imidacloprid-resistant strain of the cotton aphid

“…7,8) Nevertheless, resistance to neonicotinoids has been reported in some pests. [9][10][11] In addition, cross-resistance between neonicotinoids and other groups of insecticides has been investigated in several pests. 12,13) Neonicotinoid insecticides, including imidacloprid, have replaced pyrethroids, chlorinated hydrocarbons, organophosphates, carbamates, and several other classes of insecticides and have become the primary insecticide for A. gossypii control in China with high effectiveness.…”