Representation of the Impact of Smoke on Agent Walking Speeds in Evacuation Models

Ronchi, Enrico; Gwynne, S.; Purser, David; Colonna, Pasquale

doi:10.1007/s10694-012-0280-y

Cited by 73 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 8 publications

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“…This is reflected in evacuation models which often adopt these types of distributions. 1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 8, 9, and 10 [Ronchi et al, 2013a], the presence of wayfinding installations [Nilsson, 2009], social influence [Nilsson and Johansson, 2009], affiliation [Sime, 1984] The present analysis of the IMO tests discusses their applicability in the building context. The analysis revealed that IMO Tests can be a starting point for the assessment of the capabilities of building fire evacuation models.…”

Section: Current State Of Vandv Tests: the Imo Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…It should be noted that smoke has numerous additional physical, psychological and sociological factors [Ronchi et al, 2013a] that are not currently captured by evacuation models. This test is based on the reduced visibility vs. walking speed verification test suggested by Korhonen and Hostikka [2009].…”

Section: Verif25 Reduced Visibility Vs Walking Speedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For this reason, the tester needs to be aware of the type of correlation employed by the model in order to perform this verification test. Five types of correlations have been identified by Ronchi et al [2013a] in current evacuation models that take into consideration different assumptions about the impact of reduced visibility on individual walking speeds and the minimum walking speed in smoke. These correlations are presented here: Ronchi et al, 2013a] Where: is the walking speed in smoke 0 is the walking speed in clear conditions is the extinction coefficient, which relates the intensity of monochromatic light and the intensity of the light transmitted through the path-length of the smoke [Mulholland, 2008] ( ) is a speed reduction function (i.e.…”

Section: Verif25 Reduced Visibility Vs Walking Speedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Five types of correlations have been identified by Ronchi et al [2013a] in current evacuation models that take into consideration different assumptions about the impact of reduced visibility on individual walking speeds and the minimum walking speed in smoke. These correlations are presented here: Ronchi et al, 2013a] Where: is the walking speed in smoke 0 is the walking speed in clear conditions is the extinction coefficient, which relates the intensity of monochromatic light and the intensity of the light transmitted through the path-length of the smoke [Mulholland, 2008] ( ) is a speed reduction function (i.e. 0<c≤1) depending on the extinction coefficient , is a minimum speed in dense smoke for all individuals , ( ) is the individual minimum speed in smoke ∆ is a range of speeds around the speed under consideration Equation 1 represents a fractional impact of smoke on speed without a minimum speed in dense smoke.…”

Section: Verif25 Reduced Visibility Vs Walking Speedmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Examples of such values may be 1.0 m/s, 0.75 m/s, 0.5 m/s, and 0.25 m/s for the unimpeded walking speeds and 10/m, 7.5/m, 3.0/m, and 0.5/m for the extinction coefficient. These values are suggested in order to cover the range of walking speeds and extinction coefficients included in the two main data-sets available in the literature [Ronchi et al, 2013a]; i.e., Frantzich and Nilsson [2004] and Jin [2008]. It should be noted that the tester needs to know the correlation employed by the model and then compare the test results with hand calculations performed beforehand, i.e.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Process of Verification and Validation of Building Fire Evacuation Models

Ronchi¹,

Kuligowski²,

Reneke³

et al. 2013

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To date, there is no International standard on procedures and tests to assess the verification and validation (V&V) of building fire evacuation models. Often it is the case that model testers adopt inconsistent procedures, or tests designed for other model uses or they do not test them for all features embedded in their model. For instance, the tests presented within the MSC/Circ.1238 (Guidelines for evacuation analysis for new and existing passenger ships) provided by the International Maritime Organization are often employed for the V&V of models outside their original context of use (e.g. building fires instead of maritime applications). This document is intended to open a discussion on the main issues associated with the definition of a standard procedure for the V&V of building fire evacuation models. A review of the current procedures, tests and methods available in the literature to assess the V&V of building evacuation models is provided. The capabilities of building evacuation models are evaluated by studying their five main core components, namely 1) pre-evacuation time, 2) movement and navigation, 3) exit usage, 4) route availability and 5) flow constraints. A set of tests and recommendations about the verification and validation of building evacuation models is proposed. These tests include suggestions on using simple tests of emergent behaviours together with examples of experimental data-sets suitable for the analysis of different core components. The uncertainties associated with evacuation modelling are discussed. In particular, a method for the analysis of behavioural uncertainty (uncertainty due to the use of distributions or stochastic variables to simulate human behaviour in evacuation modelling) is presented. The method consists of a set of convergence criteria based on functional analysis. The last part of this document presents a discussion on the issues associated with the definition of the acceptance criteria of a standard V&V protocol.

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Section: Current State Of Vandv Tests: the Imo Testsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Verif25 Reduced Visibility Vs Walking Speedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Verif25 Reduced Visibility Vs Walking Speedmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Verif25 Reduced Visibility Vs Walking Speedmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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The Process of Verification and Validation of Building Fire Evacuation Models

Ronchi¹,

Kuligowski²,

Reneke³

et al. 2013

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The impact of smoke on walking speed

et al. 2013

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SUMMARYIn fire safety engineering, information about the expected walking speed of occupants through smoke is often one factor that is of interest to the designer. However, despite the fact that research already in the 1970s demonstrated that people tend to evacuate through smoke, little research has been performed on the topic since, and evidently, there is a lack of data on walking speed in smoke. This has created a situation where fire safety engineering assessments of the required safe escape time may be intimately associated with high uncertainties, especially for buildings in which people can be expected to evacuate long distances through smoke, for example, underground transportation systems. In order to address the lack of data on movement through smoke, 133 data points on individual walking speed in smoke are presented in this paper. The data lie within an extinction coefficient range of 1.2-7.5 m À1 . In line with previous studies, it is demonstrated that the level of smoke density has a negative impact on the walking speed, whereas no significant effects of inclination, type of floor material, gender, age and height could be found in the data. In this paper, recommendations are also provided on how designers should treat the data in their fire safety risk assessments, depending on the type of risk analysis method, that is, if the designer is performing a deterministic analysis or a quantitative risk analysis. It is argued that this information can be used to reduce the uncertainty in future risk analyses involving egress calculations.

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Assessment of Total Evacuation Systems for Tall Buildings

Ronchi

Nilsson

2014

SpringerBriefs in Fire

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Representation of the Impact of Smoke on Agent Walking Speeds in Evacuation Models

Cited by 73 publications

References 8 publications

The Process of Verification and Validation of Building Fire Evacuation Models

The Process of Verification and Validation of Building Fire Evacuation Models

The impact of smoke on walking speed

Assessment of Total Evacuation Systems for Tall Buildings

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