Representativeness of airborne brake wear emission for the automotive industry: A review

Philippe, Florian; Morgeneyer, Martin; Xiang, Maiqi; Manokaran, Maheandar; Berthelot, Brice; Chen, Yanming; Charles, Pierre; Guingand, Frédéric; Bressot, Christophe

doi:10.1177/0954407021993011

Cited by 7 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 87 publications

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“…Further studies consider brake wear separately and report contributions of 21% to the traffic-related PM 10 in urban areas [ 217 ]. Brake wear was also reported to give 16%–55% by mass to total non-exhaust traffic-related PM 10 emissions in urban environments [ 218 ]. A complete review of NEE is provided in Harrisson et al [ 219 ].…”

Section: Mitigation Measures For Road Traffic Pm Emissions and Its Im...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Emissions of Carbonaceous Particulate Matter and Ultrafine Particles from Vehicles—A Scientific Review in a Cross-Cutting Context of Air Pollution and Climate Change

Bessagnet

Allemand²,

Putaud

et al. 2022

Applied Sciences

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Airborne particulate matter (PM) is a pollutant of concern not only because of its adverse effects on human health but also on visibility and the radiative budget of the atmosphere. PM can be considered as a sum of solid/liquid species covering a wide range of particle sizes with diverse chemical composition. Organic aerosols may be emitted (primary organic aerosols, POA), or formed in the atmosphere following reaction of volatile organic compounds (secondary organic aerosols, SOA), but some of these compounds may partition between the gas and aerosol phases depending upon ambient conditions. This review focuses on carbonaceous PM and gaseous precursors emitted by road traffic, including ultrafine particles (UFP) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) that are clearly linked to the evolution and formation of carbonaceous species. Clearly, the solid fraction of PM has been reduced during the last two decades, with the implementation of after-treatment systems abating approximately 99% of primary solid particle mass concentrations. However, the role of brown carbon and its radiative effect on climate and the generation of ultrafine particles by nucleation of organic vapour during the dilution of the exhaust remain unclear phenomena and will need further investigation. The increasing role of gasoline vehicles on carbonaceous particle emissions and formation is also highlighted, particularly through the chemical and thermodynamic evolution of organic gases and their propensity to produce particles. The remaining carbon-containing particles from brakes, tyres and road wear will still be a problem even in a future of full electrification of the vehicle fleet. Some key conclusions and recommendations are also proposed to support the decision makers in view of the next regulations on vehicle emissions worldwide.

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Section: Mitigation Measures For Road Traffic Pm Emissions and Its Im...mentioning

confidence: 99%

Emissions of Carbonaceous Particulate Matter and Ultrafine Particles from Vehicles—A Scientific Review in a Cross-Cutting Context of Air Pollution and Climate Change

Bessagnet

Allemand²,

Putaud

et al. 2022

Applied Sciences

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“…The existence of TiO 2 showcases the potential risks of nanoparticle releases by coating or liquid dispersion and deteriorates environments and human health [ 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 , 11 ]. It is significant to inhibit the formation of TiO 2 during the oxidation process to avoid nanoparticle release [ 12 , 13 ]. Adding elements, such as Al, Zr, Si, and Cr, is an effective way to improve the oxidation resistance [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 , 18 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Tribological Behaviors of Super-Hard TiAlN Coatings Deposited by Filtered Cathode Vacuum Arc Deposition

Zhang

Yuan

et al. 2022

Materials

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High hardness improves the material’s load-bearing capacity, resulting in the enhancement of tribological properties. However, the high hardness is difficult to achieve for TiAlN coating due to the transformation of the close-packed structure from cubic to hexagonal and the increase in the grain size when the Al content is high. In the present study, the ultrahard TiAlN coatings (hardness > 40 GPa) are successfully developed by filtered cathodic vacuum arc technology to study the effect of nitrogen flux rate on tribological behaviors. The highest hardness of 46.39 GPa is obtained by tuning the nitrogen flux rate to achieve the regulation of Al content and the formation of nanocrystalline. The stable fcc TiAlN phase is formed via the solid-phase reaction under a high nitrogen concentration, and more aluminum atoms replace the titanium atoms in the (Ti, Al)N solid solution. The high Al content of the Ti0.35Al0.65N coating has a nanocrystalline structure and the average crystalline size is 16.52 nm. The TiAlN coating deposited at a nitrogen flux rate of 60 sccm exhibits the best properties of a combination of microhardness = 2972.91 Hv0.5, H = 46.39 GPa, E = 499.4 Gpa, ratio H/E* = 0.093 and ratio H3/E*2 = 0.403. Meanwhile, the TiAlN coating deposited at 60 sccm shows the lowest average friction coefficient of 0.43 and wear rate of 1.3 × 10−7 mm3 N−1 m−1 due to the best mechanical properties.

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“…However, the research of Evangeliou et al 13 shows that the 34% of particles emission originate from the wear of tires, while 30% originate from the wear of brakes, but this percentage share can go up to 63% for city area. 14 During the lifecycle of tire, 10% of mass tire is lost by wear, 15 where the 74% of particles products is deposited on the ground (up to 5 m from the road), 22% is deposited in the surface waters, and last 4% is emitted in the ground. 16 The highest amount of these particles are coarse particles, while only small amount are ultrafine particles.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Particles formation due to the wear of tires and measures for the wear reduction: A review

Stojanović

Abdullah

Grujić

et al. 2021

Proceedings of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers, Part D:

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Tires are a very important part of a vehicle, necessary for the vehicle driving. During the vehicle exploitation, due to the friction which appears in the contact between the tire and the road, it comes to the formation of so called non-exhaust particles. The particles formed during the vehicle exploitation can be composed of heavy metals and they are harmful for people’s health and for the environment. Several factors influence the size of the wear of tires. The investigations about the tires behavior as well as the size of the wear can be conducted on the road, in the laboratory, as well as by application of modern software. The paper shows the applied methodologies applied by other researchers during the investigation of tires particles formation, the applied materials for the tires manufacturing, influential parameters on the wear of tires, as well as methods for the wear of tires reduction. After analyzing other researches in the subject field, the authors have come to the conclusions related to the factors which can reduce the wear of tires and these factors should be given proper attention in further studies.

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Representativeness of airborne brake wear emission for the automotive industry: A review

Cited by 7 publications

References 87 publications

Emissions of Carbonaceous Particulate Matter and Ultrafine Particles from Vehicles—A Scientific Review in a Cross-Cutting Context of Air Pollution and Climate Change

Emissions of Carbonaceous Particulate Matter and Ultrafine Particles from Vehicles—A Scientific Review in a Cross-Cutting Context of Air Pollution and Climate Change

Tribological Behaviors of Super-Hard TiAlN Coatings Deposited by Filtered Cathode Vacuum Arc Deposition

Particles formation due to the wear of tires and measures for the wear reduction: A review

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