Reproduction and Nutrition of Desert Mule Deer With and Without Predation

Carrera, Rogelio; Ballard, Warren B.; Krausman, Paul R.; Devos, James C.; Wallace, Mark C.; Cunningham, Stan C.; Alcumbrac, Ole J.; Christensen, Sonja A.

doi:10.1894/0038-4909-60.4.285

Cited by 5 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Consequently, fecal indices and animal nutritional status are closely related. The interaction between the three fecal indicators was also observed in mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus eremicus) by Carrera et al [12] and in bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) by Mckinney et al [14]. Both authors showed positive and significant correlations between FN and DAPAf.…”

Section: Correlations Among Dapaf Fn and Fpmentioning

confidence: 69%

“…These studies have been carried out mostly in wild ungulates and aimed, through non-invasive techniques, to evaluate diet composition, such as protein [2], digestibility of dry matter [3], energy consumption [4] and the intake of minerals such as phosphorus [5] and calcium [6]. Species such as pronghorn (Antilocapra americana) [7][8][9], mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus) [10][11][12], moose (Alces alces) [13], bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) [14], have shown correlations between fecal nitrogen (FN) and fecal 2,6-diaminopimelic acid (DAPAf) content and diet quality, which can vary significantly according to the environmental conditions [15]. Although FN is a good indicator of protein intake [16,17], its usage is based on the fact that this compound reflects the amount of microbial biomass produced in conditions of high nitrogen availability at the ruminal level.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Use of Fecal Indices as a Non-Invasive Tool for Nutritional Evaluation in Extensive-Grazing Sheep

Orellana

Parraguez

Arana

et al. 2019

Animals

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The aim of the present study was to assess the reliability of fecal indices as predictors of nutrient intake in sheep under extensive grazing conditions. Fecal concentrations of 2,6-diaminopimelic acid (DAPAf), nitrogen (FN) and phosphorous (FP) were determined in four sheep kept in an extensive grazing system on annual Mediterranean grassland in the vegetative, reproductive and dry phenological stages. Metabolizable energy (MEI), crude protein (CPI) and phosphorus (PI) intake were calculated using the botanical composition, metabolizable energy, crude protein and phosphorus concentrations in each vegetal species making up the animal’s diet. Significant differences were observed in the nutrient intake for each phenological stage (p < 0.0001). The highest MEI, CPI and PI were observed during the vegetative stage (p < 0.0001). FN and FP were different in each phenological stage (p < 0.0001), with significant correlations observed between these variables (r = 0.916; p < 0.0001). Regressions among nutrient intake and fecal indices were significant, except in the cases of DAPAf and MEI, and DAPAf and CPI. Based on these results, fecal indices could be used to estimate nutrient intake in sheep under extensive grazing on annual Mediterranean grassland.

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Section: Correlations Among Dapaf Fn and Fpmentioning

confidence: 69%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Use of Fecal Indices as a Non-Invasive Tool for Nutritional Evaluation in Extensive-Grazing Sheep

Orellana

Parraguez

Arana

et al. 2019

Animals

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…This balancing act often includes increasing use of refuge sites during risky times (Lima and Dill , Lima , Brown and Kotler , Orrock et al ); all else being equal, prey should prefer the refuge provided by the predator exclosure. Use of predator exclosures for white‐tailed deer management (i.e., fences that exclude predators but not white‐tailed deer) has received little attention, but Teer et al () reported the positive effects of a 391‐ha coyote exclosure to white‐tailed deer and Carrera et al () discussed results of excluding predators on an enclosed mule deer ( Odocoileus hemionus ) population.…”

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confidence: 99%

Predator exclusion as a management option for increasing white‐tailed deer recruitment

et al. 2015

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Lethal control of coyotes (Canis latrans) is a mechanism for increasing white-tailed deer (Odocoileus virginianus) recruitment but can be difficult to implement and may be ineffective on small parcels of land because of coyote immigration. In 2003, we constructed 4 40-ha mesopredator exclosures with the objective of quantifying the influence of mesopredators, including coyotes, on select wildlife populations and communities. Camera trapping indicated neonate/adult female white-tailed deer ratios were approximately 2 times greater inside predator exclosures than in control plots. Hunter success data provided further evidence of increased recruitment associated with exclosures relative to the remainder of the study site. Because exclosures were located on the boundary of our study area and off-site white-tailed deer harvest records were not available, we used estimates of deer density, sex ratios, reproductive rates, relative use of exclosures, and neonate survival inside and outside of exclosures to parameterize a Monte Carlo simulation model to estimate the impact of our 4 exclosures on neonate recruitment into the start of the firearms hunting season on a 1,600ha area. After 1,000 iterations, we estimated that predator exclusion provided an additional 18 AE 0.13 ( x AE SE; median ¼ 15, interquartile range [IQR] ¼ 9-24) recruits/year above that expected without exclusion. Simulated neonate/adult female ratio was 0.74 AE 0.03 (median ¼ 0.72, IQR ¼ 0.52-0.93) with exclosures and 0.41 AE 0.008 (median ¼ 0.39, IQR ¼ 0.21-0.58) without. Simulated exclosure impact on recruitment was most sensitive to white-tailed deer relative use of exclosures and was least sensitive to neonate survival inside exclosures. We suggest that predator exclusion may be an effective mechanism for reducing neonate mortality and increasing white-tailed deer recruitment in areas where neonate survival is affected by predation. Exclosures may be particularly valuable on small parcels of land where predator removal would be offset by immigration. Finally, exclosures provide refuge from predators throughout the year, and we hypothesize exclosures may also contribute to adult survival and reduce impacts of predation risk that may also affect white-tailed deer population dynamics. Additional research incorporating variation in exclosure size and white-tailed deer density is needed to better evaluate predator exclosures for creating neonate refugia and mitigating sub-lethal impacts of predation. Ó 2015 The Wildlife Society.

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