Reproductive Consequences of Electrolyte Disturbances in Domestic Animals

Abstract

Electrolyte balance is essential to maintain homeostasis in the body. The most crucial electrolytes are sodium (Na+), potassium (K+), magnesium (Mg2+), chloride (Cl−), and calcium (Ca2+). These ions maintain the volume of body fluids, and blood pressure, participate in muscle contractions, and nerve conduction, and are important in enzymatic reactions. The balance is mainly ensured by the kidneys, which are an important organ that regulates the volume and composition of urine, together with which excess electrolytes are excreted. They are also important in the reproductive system, where they play a key role. In the male reproductive system, electrolytes are important in acrosomal reaction and sperm motility. Sodium, calcium, magnesium, and chloride are related to sperm capacitation. Moreover, Mg2+, Ca2+, and Na+ play a key role in spermatogenesis and the maintenance of morphologically normal spermatozoa. Infertility problems are becoming more common. It is known that disturbances in the electrolyte balance lead to reproductive dysfunction. In men, there is a decrease in sperm motility, loss of sperm capacitation, and male infertility. In the female reproductive system, sodium is associated with estrogen synthesis. In the contraction and relaxation of the uterus, there is sodium, potassium, and calcium. Calcium is associated with oocyte activation. In turn, in women, changes in the composition of the follicular fluid are observed, leading to a restriction of follicular growth. Imbalance of oocyte electrolytes, resulting in a lack of oocyte activation and, consequently, infertility.

Biochemical and Molecular Study of Lactuca sativa on Diuresis- induced experimentally in Rats.

“…Our finding declared that furosemide showed a significant decrease in serum Sodium (Na), Potassium (k), and Magnesium (Mg)levels and a non-significant change in Calcium (Ca), and (Mg) levels. Moreover, these findings concur with those of Muller et al (2015), who reported that patients receiving furosemide as an anti-hypertensive medication had deficiencies in their levels of calcium, magnesium, Cl, and Na, and also support the findings of Gałęska et al (2022), who declared how furosemide-treated diabetic cats had down-regulated blood electrolyte levels. These findings are attributable to furosemide's action on the renal tubule, which is to be expected given that it is known to inhibit membrane Na+-K+-ATPase activity (Iacobelli and Jean-Pierre, 2023).…”

Successful removal of heavy metals and environmental toxins using modern Mayr chelating detoxication in a patient: a model for prefertility treatment screening

“…Vanadium was reported by Wilk et al11 to have harmful effects on both reproductive and developmental health. Cesium mimics the potassium in the body12, and having excess cesium can lead to hypokalemia13 which affects fertility in both males and females14.…”

“…Vanadium was reported by Wilk et al [11] to have harmful effects on both reproductive and developmental health. Cesium mimics the potassium in the body [12] , and having excess cesium can lead to hypokalemia [13] which affects fertility in both males and females [14] . The results reveal the recuperating effect detoxication using the modern Mayr therapy on heavy metal toxicity.…”

Utilization of the Viscum Species for Diet and Medicinal Purposes in Ruminants: A Review

“…Numerous physiological processes depend on calcium. Calcium (Ca) plays an important role in blood clotting, membrane permeability, nerve conduction, muscle contraction, enzyme activity, and hormone secretion [ 42 , 43 ]. The concentration level of Ca in Viscum spp.…”