Reproductive factors and thyroid cancer risk: Meta‐analysis

Mannathazhathu, Arathy S; George, Preethi Sara; Sudhakaran, Sreekala; Vasudevan, DM; Krishna, K M Jagathnath; Booth, Christopher M.; Mathew, Aleyamma

doi:10.1002/hed.25945

Cited by 27 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Though incidence is higher among women than among men, mortality rates in the US are very similar (47). Meta-analysis and a pooled analysis of casecontrol studies show an increased risk among parous versus nulliparous women (though without a doseresponse trend) (48,49) and there is a suggested increased risk with later age of menarche (48,50).…”

Section: Cancer Of the Thyroidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette Smoking and Estrogen-Related Cancer

Baron

Nichols

Anderson

et al. 2021

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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Cigarette smoking is a known cause of many cancers, yet epidemiological studies have found protective associations with the risk of four "estrogen-related" malignancies: endometrial cancer, endometrioid and clear cell ovarian cancers, and thyroid cancer. This review considers epidemiological and biological aspects of these associations, focusing particularly on estrogen signaling, and contrasts them with those for breast cancer, another estrogen-related malignancy. The observational findings regarding the inverse associations are consistent and remain after adjustment for possible confounding factors. In general, women who smoke do not have lower circulating estrogen levels than non-smokers, eliminating one possible explanation for reduced risks of these malignancies. For endometrial and endometrioid ovarian cancer, the negative associations could plausibly be explained by interference with signaling through the estrogen receptor alpha. However, this is unlikely to explain the lower risks of thyroid and clear cell ovarian cancers. For thyroid cancer, an anti-inflammatory effect of nicotine and reduced TSH levels from smoking have been proposed explanations for the inverse association, but both lack convincing evidence.While the overall impact of cigarette smoking is overwhelmingly negative, protective associations such as those discussed here can provide potential clues to disease etiology, treatment and prevention.

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Section: Cancer Of the Thyroidmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cigarette Smoking and Estrogen-Related Cancer

Baron

Nichols

Anderson

et al. 2021

Cancer Epidemiology, Biomarkers &Amp; Prevention

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“…In a Japanese prospective study, the risk of thyroid cancer was significantly increased in cases with surgical menopause compared to natural menopause (HR: 2.34, 95% CI = 1.43-3.84) [13]. In a meta-analysis, three of five case-control studies showed a very high significant increase in the risk of thyroid cancer in an artificial menopause group compared with the natural menopause group (OR: 2.05, 95% CI = 1.39-3.01) [14]. The mechanisms of association between surgical menopause and the elevated risk of thyroid cancer were not fully investigated.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 98%

“…Possible causes are as follows. First, the sudden drop in estrogen levels in oophorectomy can significantly affect the functioning of the thyroid gland, which could increase the risk of thyroid cancer compared with natural menopause [8,14]. Second, a history of transfusion during oophorectomy could increase the risk of thyroid cancer compared to the general population (RR: 1.77, 95% CI = 0.95-3.30) [15].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Analysis of the Association between Female Medical History and Thyroid Cancer in Women: A Cross-Sectional Study Using KoGES HEXA Data

Jin

Lee

Song

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate the association between female medical history and thyroid cancer. Methods: Data from the Korean Genome and Epidemiology Study were collected from 2004 to 2016. Among a total of 1303 participants with thyroid cancer and 106,602 control (non-thyroid cancer) participants, the odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of hysterectomy, oophorectomy, use of oral contraceptives, and number of children were evaluated. Results: The adjusted OR of hysterectomy for thyroid cancer was 1.73 (95% CI = 1.48–2.01, p < 0.001) in the minimally adjusted model. The adjusted ORs for thyroid cancer were 1.89 (95% CI = 1.06–3.37, p = 0.031), 0.89 (95% CI = 0.83–0.94, p < 0.001), and 0.85 (95% CI = 0.73–0.99, p = 0.040) for bilateral oophorectomy, number of children, and use of oral contraceptives, respectively, in the fully adjusted model. In the subgroup analysis, the adjusted ORs of bilateral oophorectomy were significant in the younger age (OR = 3.62, 95% CI = 1.45–9.03, p = 0.006), while the number of children was significant in the older age (OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.80–0.93, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The ORs of hysterectomy and bilateral oophorectomy were significantly higher in the thyroid cancer group in the younger age group. The adjusted ORs of the number of children were significantly low in the older age group.

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“…This may happen mostly because when no pregnancies have occurred, there are no hormonal changes in the thyroid gland ( 13 ). Another meta-analysis study found that the use of oral contraception might be helpful for the reduction of thyroid risk, but overall further research needs to be done to come in a more specific conclusion ( 14 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Risk Factors of Synchronous Breast and Thyroid Cancer: a Controlled Multicenter Study and Review of the Literature

Zervoudis¹,

Iatrakis²,

Markja³

et al. 2021

Mater Sociomed

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Background: Breast cancer (BC) is one of the most common cancers diagnosed in women in the United States. Thyroid cancer (TC) is also one of the fastest increasing cancer types in the United States, with most cases being papillary thyroid carcinomas. Objective: To identify possible risk factors for the synchronous or metachronous co-occurrence of breast and thyroid cancers. Methods: We carried out a study, which consisted of data from four gynecological clinics: two in Greece (Athens, Alexandroupolis, Ioannina) and one in Germany, collected from June 2017 to June 2020. The patients were divided into two groups: the first group consisted of 58 patients with breast cancer and a personal history of thyroid cancer. The second group (control group) included 50 patients with the same characteristics as to age, parity, type of pregnancy, treatment for sterility, polycystic ovaries, regularity of the menstrual cycle, breast density, BMI, family history of cancer, blood group rhesus and histological results of breast cancer. The data we collected were analyzed using version 20 of the SPSS statistical package. The Chi-square test was used for statistical analysis and a p-value<0.005 was considered statistically significant. Results: The only factors that seem to be related with the association of breast and thyroid cancer were: history of abortion and multiparity. Conclusion: In our study there is a higher chance of developing breast cancer after diagnosing thyroid cancer and vice versa. More than genetic mutations, a possible hormonal pathway of these two malignancies is possible. The hormonal change in women who had many children or abortions could be a risk factor to develop both cancers. More studies are necessary to confirm our findings.

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Reproductive factors and thyroid cancer risk: Meta‐analysis

Cited by 27 publications

References 37 publications

Cigarette Smoking and Estrogen-Related Cancer

Cigarette Smoking and Estrogen-Related Cancer

Analysis of the Association between Female Medical History and Thyroid Cancer in Women: A Cross-Sectional Study Using KoGES HEXA Data

Risk Factors of Synchronous Breast and Thyroid Cancer: a Controlled Multicenter Study and Review of the Literature

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