Reproductive strategies and life histories in the cheilostome marine bryozoans Chartella papyracea and Bugula flabellata

Dyrynda, P. E. J.; Ryland, J. S.

doi:10.1007/bf00397041

Cited by 41 publications

(41 citation statements)

References 22 publications

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“…Essentially continuous distribution of polypides in distal branches of colonies of Bugulu turritu versus presence of interspersed regressed zooids and proximal accumulation of brown bodies in distal branches of B. turbinatu probably reflects absence of polypide recycling and more ephemeral existence in the former and presence of polypide recycling and more persistent existence in the latter. Similar correspondence between colony persistence and polypide recycling has been documented in the cheilostomes Churtellu pupyruceu (larger number of recycled generations, more persistent) and B. j7ubellutu (smaller number of recycled generations, more ephemeral) (Dyrynda & Ryland 1982). These observations on differences in polypide distributions and investment in persistence suggest that the more heavily calcified, apparently more persistent colonies of Archimedes, probably had polypide recycling and distribution of functioning zooids that more closely resembled that of B. turbinutu than that of B. turritu.…”

Section: Whorl Numbersupporting

confidence: 74%

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Flow and polypide distribution in the cheilostome bryozoan Bugula and their inference in Archimedes

McKinney

Listokin

Phifer

1986

LET

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Cilia‐generated flow in the absence of ambient current is directed from frontal to reverse sides of branches in Bugula turrita, B. turbinata, B. neritina, and B. stolonifera, whether axes of feeding lophophores are perpendicular to the basal plane of branches or are tilted toward distal ends of branches. Ambient current less than 5 cm per second interacts with cilia‐generated flow, but ambient flow of 15 cm per second destroys self‐generated colonial flow and severely hampers feeding. Polypides are located in the more distal, younger portions of colonies, in species with and without polypide recycling, whereas zooids in the more proximal, older portions are senesced. Presence of feeding polypides in distal but not in proximal portions of the larger spiralled colonies of B. turrita and B. turbinata results in downward, slightly radially directed flow through the colony. The colonial flow passes directly from one whorl to the next‐proximal so that water exits from low around the colony perimeter, and a proximally expanding conical stagnant zone occupies the interior of the colony. A substantial percentage of zooecia in distal whorls of well‐preserved Archimedes is filled by sediment and inferred to have been occupied by actively feeding polypides. whereas spar‐filled zooecia capped by terminal diaphragms were apparently senesced during the latter part of a colony's existence. The capped zooecia constitute an increasing percentage of the total in more proximal whorls. Generally similar colony form and inferred similarity in distribution of current‐generating polypides in spiralled colonies of Bugula and in Archimedes suggest that colony‐generated flow in Archimedes was similar to that in Bugula, passing downward and then outward, and only through the distal whorls of the colonies.

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Section: Whorl Numbersupporting

confidence: 74%

“…Polypide recycling by degeneration and regeneration is widespread in cheilostomes (e.g. Stach 1938;Dyrynda & Ryland 1982;Palumbi & Jackson 1983), including Bugulu (e.g. Romer 1906Correa 1948;Dyrynda & King 1982), and in stenolaemates (e.g.…”

Section: Whorl Numbermentioning

confidence: 99%

Flow and polypide distribution in the cheilostome bryozoan Bugula and their inference in Archimedes

McKinney

Listokin

Phifer

1986

LET

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“…In Gymnolaemata, the largest bryozoan class with >1000 genera, matrotrophy was, until recently, known only in relatively few taxa -in the viviparous family Epistomiidae (genera Epistomia, Synnotum) and in the families Bugulidae (Bicellariella, Bugula), Candidae (Scrupocellaria), and Hippothoidae (Celleporella). These taxa are among the majority of gymnolaemates that brood their embryos in extrazooidal incubation chambers (ovicells) (Marcus 1938, 1941, Woollacott & Zimmer 1972, 1975, Dyrynda 1981, Dyrynda & King 1982, 1983, Dyrynda & Ryland 1982, Hughes 1987, Santagata & Banta 1996, Ostrovsky 1998.We report here the results of an extensive lightmicroscopic anatomical study, revealing that EEN is far more common in gymnolaemates than previously realized. The results point out seemingly independent appearances of matrotrophy.…”

mentioning

confidence: 75%

“…Thus, the first larva, produced from a small egg with the help of the 'placenta', should be released earlierspeeding initial recruitment onto vacant substratum space. For instance, it takes 6 wk to develop a larva from the early oocyte in the perennial cheilostome Chartella papyracea (Pattern II), and just 3 wk in the ephemeral cheilostome Bugula flabellata (Pattern III) (Dyrynda & Ryland 1982). Pattern V (Epistomiidae) demonstrates the ultimate step in this evolutionary sequence, theoretically allowing fastest larval production (Dyrynda 1981, Dyrynda & King 1982.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Independent evolution of matrotrophy in the major classes of Bryozoa: transitions among reproductive patterns and their ecological background

Ostrovsky¹,

Gordon²,

Lidgard³

2009

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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Bryozoa are unique among invertebrates in possessing placenta-like analogues and exhibiting extraembryonic nutrition in all high-level (class) taxa. Extant representatives of the classes Stenolaemata and Phylactolaemata are evidently all placental. Within the Gymnolaemata, placentalike systems have been known since the 1910s in a few species, but are herein reported to be widespread within this class. Placental forms include both viviparous species, in which embryonic development occurs within the maternal body cavity, and brooding species, in which development proceeds outside the body cavity. We have also identified an unknown reproductive pattern involving macrolecithal oogenesis and placental nutrition from a new, taxonomically extensive anatomical study of 120 species in 92 genera and 48 families of the gymnolaemate order Cheilostomata. Results support the hypothesis of evolution of oogenesis and placentation among Cheilostomata from oligolecithal to macrolecithal oogenesis, followed by brooding, through incipient matrotrophy combining macrolecithal oogenesis and placentation, to oligolecithal oogenesis with subsequent placental brooding. The distribution of reproductive patterns within the phylum suggests that variations of placentation evolved in all 3 bryozoan classes, and possibly several times within both gymnolaemate orders. We infer that extraembryonic nutrition may be advantageous to species through enhanced developmental plasticity, and, in fast-growing ephemeral colonies, simultaneous volumetric growth and embryonic development may facilitate earlier larval release and occupation of vacant space. KEY WORDS: Matrotrophy · Placenta · Reproductive patterns · Evolution · BryozoaResale or republication not permitted without written consent of the publisher

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“…The same is true of species from the family Epistomiidae (pattern V) in which uninterrupted EEN is supported by intracolonial transport of nutrients via funicular cords (Marcus ; Dyrynda ; Dyrynda and King ). Thus, similarly to oogenesis, matrotrophic nutrition occurs independently of the presence or absence of a functioning polypide in the zooid (see Dyrynda and Ryland ; Dyrynda and King ; Ostrovsky , 2009). This suggests a high degree of colonial integration enabling an inter‐zooidal distribution of nutrients to nonfeeding (including, incubating) zooids.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

From Incipient to Substantial: Evolution of Placentotrophy in a Phylum of Aquatic Colonial Invertebrates

Ostrovsky

2013

Evolution

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Matrotrophy has long been known in invertebrates, but it is still poorly understood and has never been reviewed. A striking example of matrotrophy (namely, placentotrophy) is provided by the Bryozoa, a medium-sized phylum of the aquatic colonial filter feeders. Here I report on an extensive anatomical study of placental analogues in 21 species of the bryozoan order Cheilostomata, offering the first review on matrotrophy among aquatic invertebrates. The first anatomical description of incipient placentotrophy in invertebrates is presented together with the evidence for multiple independent origins of placental analogues in this order. The combinations of contrasting oocytic types (macrolecithal or microlecithal) and various degrees of placental development and embryonic enlargement during incubation, found in different bryozoan species, are suggestive of a transitional series from the incipient to the substantial placentotrophy accompanied by an inverse change in oogenesis, a situation reminiscent of some vertebrates. It seems that matrotrophy could trigger the evolution of sexual zooidal polymorphism in some clades. The results of this study show that this phylum, with its wide variety of reproductive patterns, incubation devices, and types of the simple placenta-like systems, offers a promising model for studying parallel evolution of placentotrophy in particular, and matrotrophy in general.

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Reproductive strategies and life histories in the cheilostome marine bryozoans Chartella papyracea and Bugula flabellata

Cited by 41 publications

References 22 publications

Flow and polypide distribution in the cheilostome bryozoan Bugula and their inference in Archimedes

Flow and polypide distribution in the cheilostome bryozoan Bugula and their inference in Archimedes

Independent evolution of matrotrophy in the major classes of Bryozoa: transitions among reproductive patterns and their ecological background

From Incipient to Substantial: Evolution of Placentotrophy in a Phylum of Aquatic Colonial Invertebrates

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