Republished review: Tourette's syndrome and other tic disorders

Abstract

Tourette's syndrome is a neuropsychiatric disorder characterised by motor and phonic tics. Although tics are common in children, only about 1% of those affected meet the criteria for Tourette's syndrome, and many are not disabled by it. Associated problems such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and obsessive-compulsive disorders can often be more disabling than the tics themselves. People with Tourette's tend to be worst in their teenage years but improve in adulthood. The cause is unknown but there are strong genetic factors. Treatment should be aimed at minimising disability and includes social, psychological and biological approaches.

Çocuk Ve Ergenlerde Tik Bozuklukları: Klinik Ve Etyolojik Bir Bakış / Tic Disorders In Children And Adolescents: A Clinical And Etiological View

“…Tik bozukluklarmda esas yikici olan faktörün tikler degil de e §lik eden diger psikiyatrik bozukluklar oldugu ileri sürülmü §tür. En sik birlikte görüien hastalik, OKB'dir (31). Yine çok sayida hasta DEHB tani ölcüderini de karçilamaktadir (32).…”

Fronto-striatal glutamate in children with Tourette's disorder and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

“…While TD is characterized by the presence of motor and vocal tics (American Psychiatric Association, 2013) there are also psychiatric comorbidities present in up to 86% of those with TD during their lifetime (Hirschtritt et al, 2015). ADHD is the most common, occurring in approximately 40% of cases (Rickards, 2011) and even more TD patients have ADHD symptoms that do not meet the threshold for diagnosis (Robertson, 2000). Conversely, the presence of tics within patients with ADHD has been estimated at 20% (Roessner et al, 2007).…”

Basal ganglia structure in Tourette's disorder and/or attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder

“…These occur in up to 86% of those with TD during their lifetime . Attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common of these, occurring in approximately 40% of TD cases . Even more patients with TD have ADHD symptoms without meeting full diagnostic criteria …”

“…2 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most common of these, occurring in approximately 40% of TD cases. 3 Even more patients with TD have ADHD symptoms without meeting full diagnostic criteria. 4 Structural neuroimaging studies of both disorders have highlighted alterations in the nuclei of the basal ganglia (BG), caudate nucleus (CN), putamen (Pu), and globus pallidus (GP).…”

“…statistics and uncorrected P values are presented from the analysis of basal ganglia volumes in relation to Tourette's disorder (TD), attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) severity, and hemisphere, including their interaction terms(3). TBV, total brain volume.…”