Research on the Migration of the Total Manganese during the Process of Water Icing

Zhang, Yan; Yuanqing, Tang; Yu, Aixin; Zhao, Weijian; Liu, Yucan

doi:10.3390/w11081626

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…Driven by the concentration gradient, vertical convection is generated in the water beneath the ice [ 40 ]. In straightforward terms, atrazine is repelled by the ice and migrates toward the bottom (i.e., the lower concentration region) during the crystallization of water molecules [ 41 , 42 ]. In addition, as the energy of the system decreases, the energy difference between the solute and the water and ice molecules drives the migration of the solute from the unstable ice phase to the stable water phase [ 14 , 43 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Migration Pattern of Atrazine during the Processes of Water Freezing and Thawing

Zhao

et al. 2022

Toxics

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Atrazine, one of the most commonly used herbicides in the world, is of concern because of its frequent occurrence in various water bodies and the potential threat it constitutes to ecosystems. The transport of contaminants in seasonally ice-covered lakes is an important factor affecting the under-ice water environment, and changes in phase during ice growth and melting cause redistribution of atrazine between ice and water phases. To explore the migration pattern of atrazine during freezing and thawing, laboratory simulation experiments involving freezing and thawing were carried out. The effects of ice thickness, freezing temperature, and initial concentration on the migration ability of atrazine during freezing were investigated. The results showed that the relationship between the concentration of atrazine in ice and water during freezing was ice layer < water before freezing < water layer under the ice. Atrazine tended to migrate to under-ice water during the freezing process, and the intensity of migration was positively correlated with the ice thickness, freezing temperature, and initial concentration. During the thawing phase, atrazine trapped in the ice was released into the water in large quantities in the early stages. The first 20% of meltwater concentration was significantly higher than the average concentration in ice, with the highest case being 2.75 times the average concentration in ice. The results reported in this study are a useful reference for planning possible pollution control measures on such lakes during their freeze-thaw process.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Migration Pattern of Atrazine during the Processes of Water Freezing and Thawing

Zhao

et al. 2022

Toxics

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“…Studies have found that the under-ice electrical conductivity in glacial lakes changes during freeze-thaw cycles due to the high concentration of nutrients released by the ice sheet (Boetius et al 2015, Fountain et al 2008. Simulation experiments have demonstrated that the concentration of total manganese (TMn) in under-ice water is up to 0.27 times higher than before freezing (Zhang et al 2019). In shallow lakes, winter electric conductivity was found to be 1.7-2.7 times the summer value, and the elevated salt content in lake water was caused by the exclusion of more than 97% of salt from the lake ice-cover (Pieters and Lawrence 2009).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fluorescein isothiocyanate stability in different solvents

et al. 2021

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Nutrient transport in seasonally ice-covered lakes is an important driver of spring algal blooms in eutrophic waters because phase changes during the ice growth process redistribute the nutrients. In this study, nutrient transport under static conditions was simulated using two ice thickness models in combination with an indoor freezing experiment under different segregation coefficient conditions for nutrients. A real-time prediction model for nutrient and pollutant concentrations in ice-covered lakes was established to explore the impact of the ice-on period in eutrophic shallow lakes. The results showed that the empirical degreeday model and the high-resolution thermodynamic snow and sea-ice model (HIGHTSI) could both be used to simulate lake ice thickness. The empirical degree-day model performed better at predicting the maximum ice thickness (measured thickness 0.22-0.55 m; simulated thickness 0.48 m), while the HIGHTSI model was more accurate when estimating the mean thickness (5-6 % error). When simulating ice growth, the HIGHTSI model considered more meteorological factors impacting ice cover ablation; hence, it performed better during the ablation stage relative to the empirical degree-day model. Two nondynamic nutrient transport models were developed by combining the segregation coefficient model and the ice thickness prediction model. The HIGHTSI nutrient transport model can be used to predict real-time changes in nutrient concentrations under ice cover, and the degree-day model can be used to predict changes in the lake water ecosystem.

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“…Other research focuses on the effects of the freezing process on under-ice biological properties (e.g., chlorophyll a, plankton density) [18,19], chemical properties (e.g., nitrogen, phosphorus, and dissolved organic carbon contents) [20][21][22], and the monitoring of physical properties (e.g., water temperature, ice thickness, freezing rate) [23,24]. There are relatively few indoor simulation studies on the icing process [25]. The few studies that exist mainly focus on the migration of organic pollutants and seawater desalination [26][27][28][29][30][31], and aim at the removal of pollutants.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Migration Law of Iron during the Process of Water Icing

Yuanqing

Zhang

Zhao

et al. 2020

Water

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In this study, we utilized simulated icing experiments to investigate the effect of icing thickness, freezing temperature and initial concentration on the migration of iron in the ice–water system during water icing. The distribution coefficient “K” (the ratio of the average concentration of iron in the ice to that in the under-ice water) was used to describe the effect. The results indicated that iron partitioned stronger to under-ice water than to ice during the process of water icing, resulting in the concentration of iron in ice–water system before and after freezing being expressed as: ice < pre-freezing water < under-ice water. K decreased with the increase in icing thickness, freezing temperature and initial concentration. The temperature change in the solution will change the solubility of the solvent, so we explained the migration of iron during the process of water icing from the perspective of solid–liquid equilibrium theory. Too high or too low iron concentration may inhibit the growth of algae, thus affecting the underwater ecological environment. We expect that our study will arouse researcher’s attention to the change in iron concentration in shallow lakes and ponds at high latitudes during the icebound period.

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Research on the Migration of the Total Manganese during the Process of Water Icing

Cited by 7 publications

References 42 publications

The Migration Pattern of Atrazine during the Processes of Water Freezing and Thawing

The Migration Pattern of Atrazine during the Processes of Water Freezing and Thawing

Fluorescein isothiocyanate stability in different solvents

The Migration Law of Iron during the Process of Water Icing

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