Research progress of catalysts for aldol condensation of biomass based compounds

Abstract

Research progress of catalysts of the aldol condensation reaction of biomass based compounds is summarized for the synthesis of liquid fuel precursors and chemicals.

The Role of Ion Exchange Resins for Solving Biorefinery Catalytic Processes Challenges

“…Thus, several authors have published promising studies about the application of this reaction to produce liquid fuels (diesel range, C 8 -C 15 ) and different chemicals [28,29]. The basic route is the most developed one (including oxides, mixed oxides, and basic resins) since, in general, acid catalysts demonstrate a lower activity, reaching lower conversions and yields [30]. However, the acidic mechanism is required to guarantee good selectivity when using reactants with more than one functional group due to the competence of aldol condensation with other side reactions.…”

Boosting the activity of UiO-66(Zr) by defect engineering: efficient aldol condensation of furfural and MIBK for the production of bio jet-fuel precursors

“…Lignocellulosic bio-jet fuel can be synthesized starting from renewable platform chemicals like FAL by C–C coupling reactions and subsequent hydrodeoxygenation/hydrogenation. 13,14 C–C coupling reactions include alkylation, 15 aldol condensation, 16 oligomerization, 17 Michael reaction, 18 and Diels–Alder reaction. 19 Among them, aldol condensation is one of the most frequently explored routes for the synthesis of bio-jet fuel from FAL due to the availability of biomass-derived ketone substrates, the relatively moderate reaction conditions, and the possibility of being catalyzed either by acids or bases.…”

Multiscale Modeling Approach for the Aldol Addition Reaction in Multicompartment Micelle-Based Nanoreactor

“…Among the catalytic moieties, amino acid proline ( l -proline) has first been reported as a widely utilized chiral organocatalyst facilitating asymmetric C–C bond formation. ,− Notably, when present in minimal water quantities, l -proline ( Proline ) exhibits remarkable catalytic activity in promoting aldol addition reactions between ketones and aldehydes, leading to high yields and enantiomeric excesses at room temperature . In contrast, at high water concentrations or in the presence of water alone, an adverse effect is observed in the reactions, leading to low yields and a reduction in enantioselectivity. , Additionally, water is often considered an unsuitable solvent for hydrophobic organic compounds. , Therefore, conducting catalytic reactions in water requires the creation of a hydrophobic environment within an overall aqueous medium.…”

“… 10 , 21 − 24 Notably, when present in minimal water quantities, l -proline ( Proline ) exhibits remarkable catalytic activity in promoting aldol addition reactions between ketones and aldehydes, leading to high yields and enantiomeric excesses at room temperature. 25 In contrast, at high water concentrations or in the presence of water alone, an adverse effect is observed in the reactions, leading to low yields and a reduction in enantioselectivity. 11 , 25 Additionally, water is often considered an unsuitable solvent for hydrophobic organic compounds.…”

“… 25 In contrast, at high water concentrations or in the presence of water alone, an adverse effect is observed in the reactions, leading to low yields and a reduction in enantioselectivity. 11 , 25 Additionally, water is often considered an unsuitable solvent for hydrophobic organic compounds. 26 , 27 Therefore, conducting catalytic reactions in water requires the creation of a hydrophobic environment within an overall aqueous medium.…”