“…Non-Darcy and turbulent flows in coarse porous materials were considered by, for example, Wilkins (1956), McCorquodale et al (1978), and Stephenson (1979). Solutions were provided by Skjetne and Aurault (1999), Samani et al (2004), Salehi (2003), Sidiropoulou et al (2007), and Panfilov et al (2003). For a longitudinal slope of 0.01, Moutsopoulos (2009) estimated that a fully-developed turbulent flow occurs if the mean grain size of the porous medium is in excess of 30.3 mm for a porosity of 0.35.…”