Residential water heaters in Brisbane, Australia: Thinking beyond technology selection to enhance energy efficiency and level of service

Vieira, Abel Silva; Beal, Cara; Stewart, Rodney Anthony

doi:10.1016/j.enbuild.2014.07.007

Cited by 40 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…The water consumption pattern was emulated using a solenoid valve connected to a timer, which was set to open at 6:35 am, 5:35 pm and 7:35 pm in order to represent hot water consumption events at peak hours as described by Vieira et al [25]. Each water consumption event had duration of 3 min and an average water consumption volume equal to 50 l. By adjusting the tempering valve (i.e.…”

Section: Laboratory Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Taking into account both pieces of information, the estimated total water consumption ranged from 100 to 210 l/hh/day. Diurnal hot water consumption patterns were estimated based on both the estimated total hot water consumption pattern range, and the residential hot water consumption peak hours from 7 am to 9 am and from 5 pm to 7 pm, as described by Vieira et al [25] for Brisbane.…”

Section: Variability Of Site-specific Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Such models were developed using the software EnergyPlus 8.1, which is provided by the United States Department of Energy (US-DOE), and is used for energy performance analysis in buildings [1,25,[27][28][29][30]. The equations and concepts employed to calculate heat transfer processes in models developed in EnergyPlus (e.g.…”

Section: Computational Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Jenkins et al [24] studied the energy and carbon performance of ASHPWH taking into account different characteristics of office buildings in the UK, and found that ASHPWH are less carbon intensive than gas water heaters. Vieira et al [25] analysed the energy and service performance of domestic water heating systems (i.e. ASHPWH, solar and electric) in Brisbane, Australia, and showed that different electricity tariffs and washing machine types may influence the performance of domestic ASHPWH.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Air source heat pump water heaters in residential buildings in Australia: Identification of key performance parameters

Vieira

Stewart

Beal

2015

Energy and Buildings

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a b s t r a c tHeat pump water heaters have been increasingly used to promote energy savings in residential buildings. Nonetheless, their performance may vary significantly due to different site-specific characteristics and technical specifications. To examine this issue, this research study sought to identify key performance parameters for air source heat pump water heaters (ASHPWH) in residential buildings in Australia by using a sensitivity analysis through theoretical models calibrated with empirical measurements. ASH-PWH were analysed taking into account their energy performance (i.e. annual energy consumption and energy intensity) and level of service (i.e. compliance with recommended hot water temperatures). The assessment encompassed sensitivity analyses for key performance parameters related to the technical specification of ASHPWH (i.e. coefficients of performance, water heating capacities, hot water storage tank insulation, size and set-point temperature) and site-specific characteristics (i.e. weather conditions, cold water supply temperatures, hot water set-point temperatures and consumption patterns, and the time-distribution of energy according to the electricity tariffs). The findings indicate that the energy performance and the level of service of ASHPWH are mostly influenced by their coefficient of performance and site-specific electricity tariff, respectively. Therefore, careful consideration of ASHPWH technical specifications based on site-specific characteristics should be used to underpin the development of energy efficiency programmes for residential water heaters.

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Section: Laboratory Experimentsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Variability Of Site-specific Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Computational Modelsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Air source heat pump water heaters in residential buildings in Australia: Identification of key performance parameters

Vieira

Stewart

Beal

2015

Energy and Buildings

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“…Its systems would have the effect of markedly changing the electricity load curve and reduce the power peaks in relation to electric systems [32]. For instance, 70% of energy could be saved by heat pump in China, compared with the traditional electric water heater [33].…”

Section: ) Environmental Factormentioning

confidence: 99%

A Case Study of Success in Phasing out Policy of Instantaneous Water Heater in Australia and Feasibility in Thailand

Jingjit¹,

Techato²

2017

IJTEF

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Abstract-This paper discusses the original, successful and effect of phasing out policy of instantaneous water heater in Australia. This can be applied for Thailand in order to phase out instantaneous water heater as a milestone. Hence, this work focuses on shifting from instantaneous water heater to heat pump and solar water heater. Thailand is suitable for these technologies because the high level of solar radiation is free from the sun. Many large buildings normally use heat pump but not popular in household. The important factors for consumers in Thailand are education and realization of energy saving and global warming issue. The knowledge of technician and consultant have to be developed for the new technologies. Phasing out policy of instantaneous water heater can be done under the supporting of Thai government, especially in term of subsidy for the high investment cost.Index Terms-Phasing out policy, instantaneous water heater, Energy saving, Conservative energy. I. INTRODUCTIONA common interesting topic presently regarding environmental issue is the global warming under Kyoto Protocol. Many approaches are announced in order to reduce greenhouse gas such as carbon footprint, carbon credit, green label, energy efficiency labels and etc. One of the most popular campaign is to reduce the electricity consumption. Especially, the old design of the electric devices with high power was obligated to be phased out and replaced by the new technologies such as:1) "China Energy-Efficiency Refrigerator Project" from Dec 1999 to June 2006 that the old technology was replaced by the new one with 2 times-lower energy consumption than the existing [1].2) "Lamp Phasing Out Legislations" from Jan 2012 to July 2014 by stopping the manufacturer for 100 & 75 watt incandescent and T12 Linear Fluorescent Lamps and Standard Halogen PAR Lamps in U.S. [2].Australia endorsed the Kyoto Protocol in December 2007 to United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. From the UN Climate change conference (COP18 CMP8) on 8 December 2012 at Doha, Qatar. Most of Annex I countries Manuscript received October 27, 2016; revised February 5, 2017 -REDP (The Renewable Energy Development Plan), to use renewable energy 20.3% of total energy in 2022 [7].-AEDP (The Alternative Energy Development Plan), to use alternative energy 30% which can reduce energy from fossil fuel 39,388 ktoe and 140 million tons CO 2 [8].-EEDP (The Thailand 20 -Year Energy Efficiency Development Plan), to reduce energy intensity 25% in 2030 baseline 2005 [9]. II. AUSTRALIA ISSUE A. Greenhouse Gas EmissionElectric storage water heating emits almost a quarter of greenhouse gas from Australian households (refer with: Fig. 1). Electric hot water system produces around four tons of greenhouse gases every year. That is equivalent to the running an average 10 cars for a year [10]. Over 80% of electricity is generated from coal, 15% from natural gas and only 3% from renewables. Hence, an alternative water heating options such as heat pump, natural gas and solar collector can ...

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Optimizing 100%‐renewable grids through shifting residential water‐heater load

Ali¹,

Lenzen

Tyedmers

2019

Int J Energy Res

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Summary A low‐carbon electricity supply for Australia was simulated, and the installed capacity of the electrical grid was optimized by shifting the electricity demand of residential electric water heaters (EWHs). The load‐shifting potential of Australia was estimated for each hour of the simulation period using a nationwide aggregate EWH load model on a 90 × 110 raster grid. The electricity demand of water heaters was shifted from periods of low renewable resource and high demand to periods of high renewable resource and low demand, enabling us to effectively reduce the installed capacity requirements of a 100%‐renewable electricity grid. It was found that by shifting the EWH load by just 1 hour, the electricity demand of Australia could be met using purely renewable electricity at an installed capacity of 145 GW with a capacity factor of 30%, an electricity spillage of 20%, and a generation cost of 15.2 ¢/kWh. A breakdown of the primary energy sources used in our scenario is as follows: 43% wind, 29% concentrated solar thermal power, and 20% utility photovoltaic. Sensitivity analysis suggested that further reduction in installed capacity is possible by increasing the load‐shifting duration as well as the volume and insulation level of the EWH tank.

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Residential water heaters in Brisbane, Australia: Thinking beyond technology selection to enhance energy efficiency and level of service

Cited by 40 publications

References 31 publications

Air source heat pump water heaters in residential buildings in Australia: Identification of key performance parameters

Air source heat pump water heaters in residential buildings in Australia: Identification of key performance parameters

A Case Study of Success in Phasing out Policy of Instantaneous Water Heater in Australia and Feasibility in Thailand

Optimizing 100%‐renewable grids through shifting residential water‐heater load

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