Residual Activity of Paraquat in Soils I. Factors Affecting Persistence

Watkin, E. M.; Sagar, G. R.

doi:10.1111/j.1365-3180.1971.tb00969.x

Cited by 11 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…Weber et al (1965) found that diquat and paraquat were adsorbed to a lesser extent than either 2,4-D or prometon on charcoal. At IO°C paraquat attained equilibrium within I h and diquat within 48 h but at 55°C slow adsorption of both compounds was still continuing after 480 h. Our observations are in agreement with those of Damanakis et al (1970c) who reported that paraquat was available to seedlings well within the SAC of peat soils and reaffirm the previous work of Watkin & Sagar (1971) in which paraquat activity on sprayed surfaces was readily detected on other soil types when application rates were higher. The absence of phytotoxie residues on peat at low doses ofthe herbicide indicates that this soil has a limited capacity to inactivate paraquat, though the mechanism of adsorption may not necessarily be the same as on mineral soils.…”

Section: Experiments 1 the Adsorptive Capacity Of Soilssupporting

confidence: 92%

“…The response shown by imbibed grains of Lolium perenne sown on paraquattreated soil surfaces (Watkin & Sagar, 1971) suggested that uptake ofthe herbicide by the grains occurred from the adsorbed and not the desorbed phase in soil. This was also indicated by the apparent failure ofthe herbicide to be leached following surface irrigation in other experiments (see also Damanakis et al, 1970a).…”

Section: Experiments 3 the Desorption Of Paraquat In Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In a previous paper (Watkin & Sagar, 1971) some ofthe conditions under which phytotoxic residues of paraquat may persist in soils were outlined. It was suggested that persistence is confined to the immediate soil surface, though the amount of herbicide persisting in the soil or the way in which the herbicide became available was not resolved.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Residual Activity of Paraquat in Soils Ii. Adsorption and Desorption

Watkin

Sagar

1971

Weed Research

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Summary Glasshouse studies showed that low doses of paraquat inhibited the germination of Lolium perenne L. broadcast directly onto the paraquat‐sprayed surfaces of a sphagnum and a peat soil, but that higher doses were necessary to produce phytotoxic symptoms on mineral soils, a compost and a loam. On all soils residual activity increased rapidly with increasing dose once the minimum phytotoxic dose was reached. On a sandy soil, residual activity increased almost linearly from the lowest to the highest dose applied. At 9·0, 4·5 and 2·24 kg/ha phytotoxicity on a compost was not affected by changes in the volume of application, but at 1·68 kg/ha and lower, reducing the volume from 562 1/ha to 281 and 112 1/ha resulted in increased phytotoxicity. Phytotoxic residues were eluted from paraquat‐treated compost surfaces by percolating de‐ionized water up soil columns but residual activity was not removed from the eluted surfaces. Surface irrigation of paraquat‐treated surfaces with water previously percolated through columns of untreated soil reduced residual activity by 45%.

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Section: Experiments 1 the Adsorptive Capacity Of Soilssupporting

confidence: 92%

Section: Experiments 3 the Desorption Of Paraquat In Soilmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Residual Activity of Paraquat in Soils Ii. Adsorption and Desorption

Watkin

Sagar

1971

Weed Research

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“…Less susceptible were rape, white clover {Trifolium repens L.) and six cultivars of wheat {Triticum vulgare Host.). In earlier work Watkin & Sagar (1971) found phytotoxicity with persistence of at least 14 days in pot experiments with white clover and perennial ryegrass. They found residues, greater on organic soils, to be reduced by soil disturbance after spraying, but not by surface irrigation.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 92%

Some effects of paraquat on crop establishment in killed swards

Warboys

1974

Weed Research

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Summary: Résumé: Zusammenfassung The establishment of crops direct‐drilled after various times into swards treated with paraquat (1,1′‐dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridylium‐ 2/A) was examined. Best results with Brassica napus and B. oleracea were obtained with 1–1 kg/ha applied 7 days before drilling and 2–3 kg/ha applied 14 days before. Although delaying drilling from 7 to 14 days after application reduced the phytotoxicity, the higher dose was needed when drilling was delayed, to reduce competition from the sward regrowth. In the glasshouse, mulches of paraquat‐treated herbage affected seedling growth and development of Brassica napus, Hordeum vulgare and Lolium perenne; B. napus was the most susceptible. Quelques effets du paraquat sur des cultures implantées aprés destruction d'herbages L'implantation de cultures en semis direct, apres divers intervalles de temps, dans des herbages trait6s au paraquat (l,r‐diméthyl‐4‐4′‐bipyridylium‐2/4) a été examinée. Avec Brassica napus et B. oleracea, les meilleurs résultats ont été obtenus par des applications de 1,1 kg/ha et de 2,3 kg/ha, respectivement 7 jours avant et 14 jours avant le semis. Bien que le fait de porter de 7 à 14 jours le délai entre le traitement été le semis ait réduit la phytotoxicité, la dose la plus forte a été nécessaire lorsque le semis a été retardé, pour réduire la competition due à la repousse de la prairie. En serre, des paillis d'herbages traités au paraquat ont affecté la croissance et le développement de Brassica napus, Hordeum vulgare et Lolium perenne; B. napus s'est montré le plus sensible. Einige Effekte von Paraquat auf die Entwicklung von Kulturpflanzen in abgetöteten Pflanzendecken Es wurde die Entwicklung von Kulturen untersucht, die in unterschiedlichen Zeitabständen direkt in mit Paraquat (l,l'‐Dimethyl‐4,4′‐bipyridylium‐2/4) behandelte Pflanzendecken gesät wurden. Die besten Ergebnisse mit Brassica napus und B. oleracea wurden erzielt, wenn 1.1 kg/ha 7 Tage und 2 3 kg/ha 14 Tage vor der Saat gespritzt wurden.

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“…Although paraquat had an immediate effect on the abundance of S. nemoralis, the species actively proliferated in closed communities after paraquat had become inactivated in the soil by absorption (Watkin and Sagar 1971), microbial metabolism (Baldwin et al 1996), or decomposition by ultraviolet light (Slade 1965). Stimulation was also observed in open communities following the application of 2,4-D (Tompkins and Grant 1974).…”

Section: Response To Herbicides and Other Chemicalsmentioning

confidence: 94%

The biology of Canadian weeds. 130. Solidago nemoralis Ait.

Chmielewski¹,

Semple²

2004

Can. J. Plant Sci.

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Solidago nemoralis, the gray goldenrod, is a polycarpic hemicryptophyte that reproduces vegetatively from branched caudices. This native North American species is morphologically variable throughout its range, and includes an eastern (ssp. nemoralis) and western (ssp. decemflora) race. The eastern subspecies occurs throughout the eastern deciduous forest region of North America and is commonly diploid, though tetraploids do occur throughout. The western race typically occurs on the prairies and is strictly tetraploid. The species occupies riparian habitats, rock outcrops and open fields and roadsides and grows best in well-drained sandy soils in full sunlight. Although the species is weedy in both Canada and the United States it is not noxious. Key words: Solidago nemoralis, gray goldenrod, verge d'or des bois, Asteraceae, Compositae

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Residual Activity of Paraquat in Soils I. Factors Affecting Persistence

Abstract: Phytotoxizitat von Paraquat zu verringern. Die phytotoxischen Ruckstande wurden nicht durch Oberflachenbewasserung verringert, sie verschwanden jedoch bei mechaniseher Bearbeitung der Bodenoberflache.

Cited by 11 publications

References 10 publications

Residual Activity of Paraquat in Soils Ii. Adsorption and Desorption

Residual Activity of Paraquat in Soils Ii. Adsorption and Desorption

Some effects of paraquat on crop establishment in killed swards

The biology of Canadian weeds. 130. Solidago nemoralis Ait.

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