Residue analysis of difenoconazole in apple fruits grown in Republic of Macedonia

Jankuloska, Vezirka; Karov, Ilija; Pavlovska, Gorica

doi:10.15547/ast.2018.01.015

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…These programs should focus on providing farmers with information regarding the different types of fungicides available in the market, their efficacy against specific fungal diseases, and the correct methods of application. Additionally, the government can play a crucial role in regulating the use of fungicides and promoting the use of environmentally friendly fungicides (Jankuloska et al, 2018).This can be done by providing incentives for the use of biofungicides and other environmentally friendly fungicides, regulating the sale and use of chemical fungicides, and conducting regular monitoring and evaluation of fungicide use in the region. In conclusion, the selection of the proper fungicide is a crucial problem for apple cultivators in the Kashmir valley.…”

Section: Fungicide Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Problems in Apple Farming: A Case of Kashmir Valley

Sheikh,

Baba

2023

IJAAP

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Apple farming is a critical economic activity in the Kashmir valley, providing livelihoods to thousands of farmers. However, apple farmers in the region face several challenges that hinder their productivity and profitability. These challenges include climate change, unseasonal snowfall, lack of credit and insurance, pest attacks, high input costs, market access, and the selection of proper fungicides. Climate change has caused a shift in the apple-growing regions and has led to increased pest attacks, while unseasonal snowfall damages the apple trees and reduces the yield. Lack of credit and insurance prevents farmers from investing in their farms, while high input costs and the selection of proper fungicides add to their production costs. Market access remains a significant challenge for farmers, with many of them having to sell their produce at lower prices due to a lack of proper market infrastructure. These challenges require immediate attention and support from the government and other stakeholders to ensure the sustainability of apple cultivation in the region and the livelihoods of the farmers. In this context, this paper aims to highlight the challenges faced by apple farmers in the Kashmir valley, their impact on apple cultivation, and the measures that can be taken to address these challenges. The paper also aims to create awareness among stakeholders regarding the importance of sustainable apple cultivation and the need to support apple farmers in the region.

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Section: Fungicide Selectionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Problems in Apple Farming: A Case of Kashmir Valley

Sheikh,

Baba

2023

IJAAP

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“…The application of low‐dose pesticides over extended periods has a variety of interconnected consequences for human health (Wang et al, 2011). Current practices show that apples in conventional production undergo pesticide treatments 10–15 times annually (Jankuloska et al, 2018). Reports indicate the accumulation of chemicals not only in food products but also in biological tissues and environmental components as a result of their high lipophilicity and chemical and biological stability (Seth et al, 1998; Wania & Mackay, 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Residues determination, risk assessment, and dissipation behavior of myclobutanil formulation on apple

Amin,

Sheikh,

Jan

et al. 2024

Biomedical Chromatography

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This study aimed to investigate the dissipation pattern, risk assessment, and waiting period of myclobutanil on apple fruit (Malus domestica Borkh.) under temperate conditions in Kashmir, India. The study involved the application of myclobutanil 10 WP at a single recommended dosage (125 g a.i. ha−1) and double dosage (250 g a.i. ha−1) on Red Velox apple trees, 2 months before harvest. GC equipped with an electron capture detector was used to analyze myclobutanil residues in fruit samples. The study revealed that myclobutanil, at both recommended and double recommended doses, dissipated rapidly and became nondetectable after 55 and 60 days, respectively. The waiting period for myclobutanil application was determined to be 12.41 days for the single dose and 25.58 days for the double dose, respectively. These waiting periods were based on the maximum residue limit of 0.6 ppm as prescribed by the Codex Alimentarius Commission, Food Safety and Standards Authority of India, and European Commission. The study concludes that myclobutanil 10 WP is safe for consumers at both recommended and double recommended doses when applied 2 months before harvest. Risk assessment, considering the average daily apple consumption in India and theoretical maximum residue contributions (TMRCs), indicates negligible health hazards even at double the recommended dosage. The calculated TMRC values at Day 0 were significantly below the maximum permissible intake. For average and maximum myclobutanil residues at single and double doses, the TMRC values were found to be 0.0069 and 0.0070 mg day−1 person−1 and 0.0105 and 0.0106 mg day−1 person−1, respectively. These results indicate that myclobutanil, when used according to recommended dosages and waiting periods, poses minimal health risks to consumers. The study emphasizes the importance of prudent fungicide use to minimize fungicide residues on fruits, thereby ensuring their safety for consumption.

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“…Regarding difenoconazole, no negligible residues were identified in numerous fruits and vegetables, including grapes and sugar beets [ 9 ], watermelon (0.04–0.1 mg/kg) [ 16 ], apples [ 17 ], guava fruit (81.5 mg/kg), eggplant (5.62 mg/kg), round gourds (61.53 mg/kg) [ 18 ], leafy brassica [ 19 ], passionfruit [ 4 ], wolfberry [ 20 ], tomatoes and lettuce [ 21 ], but also in drinking water [ 22 ]. To the best of our knowledge, there are no experimental studies on humans regarding the toxicity of -difenoconazole and/or of its stereoisomers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Cheminformatics Study Regarding the Human Health Risks Assessment of the Stereoisomers of Difenoconazole

et al. 2022

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Difenoconazole is a chemical entity containing two chiral centers and having four stereoisomers: (2R,4R)-, (2R,4S)-, (2S,4R)- and (2S,4S)-difenoconazole, the marketed product containing a mixture of these isomers. Residues of difenoconazole have been identified in many agricultural products and drinking water. A computational approach has been used to evaluate the toxicological effects of the difenoconazole stereoisomers on humans. It integrates predictions of absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity (ADMET) profiles, prediction of metabolism sites, and assessment of the interactions of the difenoconazole stereoisomers with human cytochromes, nuclear receptors and plasma proteins by molecular docking. Several toxicological effects have been identified for all the difenoconazole stereoisomers: high plasma protein binding, inhibition of cytochromes, possible hepatotoxicity, neurotoxicity, mutagenicity, skin sensitization potential, moderate potential to produce endocrine disrupting effects. There were small differences in the predicted probabilities of producing various biological effects between the distinct stereoisomers of difenoconazole. Furthermore, there were significant differences between the interacting energies of the difenoconazole stereoisomers with plasma proteins and human cytochromes, the spectra of the hydrogen bonds and aromatic donor–acceptor interactions being quite distinct. Some distinguishing results have been obtained for the (2S,4S)-difenoconazole: it registered the highest value for clearance, exposed reasonable probabilities to produce cardiotoxicity and carcinogenicity and negatively affected numerous nuclear receptors.

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Residue analysis of difenoconazole in apple fruits grown in Republic of Macedonia

Cited by 7 publications

References 10 publications

Problems in Apple Farming: A Case of Kashmir Valley

Problems in Apple Farming: A Case of Kashmir Valley

Residues determination, risk assessment, and dissipation behavior of myclobutanil formulation on apple

A Cheminformatics Study Regarding the Human Health Risks Assessment of the Stereoisomers of Difenoconazole

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