Residue depletion of amoxicillin and its major metabolites in eggs

Abstract

The depletion of amoxicillin (AMO) and its major metabolites, amoxicilloic acid (AMA) and amoxicillin-diketopiperazine-2',5'-dione (DIKETO) in the albumen, yolk and whole egg was studied after the oral dose of AMO (25 and 50 mg/kg body weight) to laying hens once per day for five consecutive days. Egg samples were prepared by a simple liquid-liquid extraction procedure with acetonitrile and saturated methylene chloride and analysed using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The results showed that AMO, AMA and DIKETO residues were mainly distributed in the yolk, where particularly high concentrations of AMO and DIKETO were found, whereas the albumen contained high concentrations of AMA. This distribution suggested that AMO and DIKETO were depleted slowly in yolk, whereas AMA was depleted slowly in albumen. The amount of AMO residue positively correlated with the dose, and the theoretical withdrawal times, which were calculated based on the residue level falling below a safe limit, were 5.21 and 7.67 days at AMO doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. Moreover, the theoretical withdrawal times for all residues in the whole egg were 8.00 and 9.11 days at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg, respectively. Our findings suggested that 9 days was an appropriate withdrawal time for the use of AMO in laying hens.

Development and validation of RP-HPLC method for determination of amoxicillin residues and application to NICOMAC coating machine

“…2 AMO is official in British Pharmacopeia (BP), 1 European Pharmacopeia (EP) 3 and United States Pharmacopeia (USP) 4 , they include HPLC method for its determination. It is still a limited number of analytical methods that are reported for the determination of AMO including kinetics degradation, [5][6][7] spectrophotometric, [8][9][10][11][12][13] UHPLC UPLC and mass spectrometry, [14][15][16][17][18][19] thin layer chromatography (TLC), [20][21][22] capillary electrophoresis, [23][24][25][26] high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), [27][28][29][30][31] in vitro dissolution studies, [32][33][34][35][36] amoxicillin residues in animal tissues using SPE-LC, 37 SPE-cation exchange, 38 in eggs using HPLC-FLD, 39 or HPLC-MS 40 and in commercial meat and milk samples 41 using HPLC-FLD. According to the best of our knowledge there is no validated method for the determination of amoxicillin residues and application to cleaning machine in pharmaceutical industries.…”

A Comprehensive Study to Identify Major Metabolites of an Amoxicillin–Sulbactam Hybrid Molecule in Rats and Its Metabolic Pathway Using UPLC-Q-TOF-MS/MS

“…Sultamicillin is hydrolyzed into sulbactam and ampicillin by enterolactase in the intestinal wall after oral administration [ 11 , 34 , 35 ], so it is speculated that AS hydrolyzed in vivo to amoxicillin and sulbactam. Because amoxicillin is easily metabolized to amoxicilloic acid (AMA) and amoxicillin diketopiperazine (DIKETO) [ 36 , 37 ], it is speculated that some of the amoxicillin will be metabolized to these compounds in vivo. It has been reported that sulbactam exists mainly in the archetypal form in rats [ 38 , 39 ], so it is speculated that sulbactam exists in rats.…”

Depletion of Residual Amoxicillin and Its Major Metabolites in Muscle, Liver and Kidney of Chicken

“…Baere et al (2002) developed a quantitative assay for AMO, AMA and DIKETO in animal tissues and described the long-term presence of AMA as a metabolite of AMO in kidney and liver samples of swine. In practice, AMO metabolites have lost the antimicrobial activity of the parent compound (Liu et al, 2017); however, the metabolites, AMA and DIKETO, have been reported to be allergens (Fagerquist et al, 2005;Reyns et al, 2008a). Therefore, AMA residues should be determined to ensure the safety of animal-derived foods despite MRLs for the metabolites of AMO not being specified.…”