Residues of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Laurentian Great Lakes Fish

Stalling, David L.; Smith, Lawrence M.; Petty, Jimmie D.; Hogan, James W.; Johnson, Jennifer L.; Rappe, Christoffer; Buser, Hans-Rudolf

doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-3599-3_17

Cited by 48 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 17 publications

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“…Although only a small proportion of OCDD in food was accumulated, it was not biodegraded as was the 1,3,6,8-isomer, resulting in a greater accumulation factor. Given the extremely low concentration of OCDD likely to be present in a freely available form in natural waters, accumulation of OCDD from food may explain the residues of this isomer found in Great Lakes fish [4]. The results obtained with OCDD suggest that a food-chain transfer model, which links the steady-state concentration of a chemical with gross assimilation efficiency from food, is more appropriate than equilibrium partitioning for describing the accumulation of this hydrophobic compound.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioconcentration and disposition of 1,3,6,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin and octachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin by rainbow trout and fathead minnows

Muir

Yarechewski

Knoll

et al. 1986

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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Accumulation of 14C‐labeled 1,3,6,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (TCDD) and octachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin (OCDD) from water by rainbow trout fry (Salmo gairdneri) and fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas) was studied using a 5‐d uptake and 24 to 48‐d depuration period. Average exposure concentrations ranged from 4 to 211 ng/L for 1,3,6,8‐TCDD and from 9 to 415 ng/L for OCDD. Equilibrium bioconcentration factors for total 14C in fish, calculated by use of a two‐compartment first‐order rate model, were 2,100 and 5,702 for 1,3,6,8‐TCDD in trout fry and minnows, respectively, and 85 and 2,226 for OCDD in the same species. Elimination rates of both isomers were rapid, with half‐lives of 14C ranging from 6 to 9 d for 1,3,6,8‐TCDD and from 5 to 13 d for OCDD. The highest concentrations of radiolabeled 1,3,6,8‐TCDD and OCDD were found in bile. A metabolite of 1,3,6,8‐TCDD in bile was identified as a conjugate of a hydroxylated tetrachloro‐derivative. Dietary exposure of rainbow trout resulted in low accumulation factors, ranging from 0.034 for OCDD to 0.018 for 1,3,6,8‐TCDD, based on toluene‐extractable radioactivity.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Bioconcentration and disposition of 1,3,6,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin and octachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin by rainbow trout and fathead minnows

Muir

Yarechewski

Knoll

et al. 1986

Enviro Toxic and Chemistry

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“…Lake Ontario has the most widespread TCDD contamination of all the Great Lakes (U.S. EPA 1990; Cook et al 1991). Several investigators (O'Keefe et al 1983;Stalling et al 1983;DeVault et al 1989;Zacharewski et al 1989) have reported the presence of TCDD in several Lake Ontario fish species, with greatest concentrations present in lake trout and other salmonids having a high lipid content. In addition, concentrations of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) have been measured in salmonid eggs from the Great Lakes (Niimi 1983;Mac et al 1985;Smith et al 1990;Cook et al 1994).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 95%

Assessment of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induced sac fry mortality in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from different regions of the Great Lakes

Guiney¹,

Cook²,

Casselman³

et al. 1996

Can. J. Fish. Aquat. Sci.

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Background levels of TCDD toxic equivalents (TEs) in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) eggs (calculated using fish-specific toxicity equivalency factors (TEFs) for polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and biphenyls (PCBs)) were higher for two locations in Lake Ontario than Lake Superior and a hatchery (10.5-10.9 versus 0.3 and 0.05 pg TE/g egg). Despite the higher contamination of Lake Ontario eggs, sac fry mortality was uniformly low for all eggs. This is consistent with TCDD toxicity equivalence concentrations (TECs) of all eggs being less than the TCDD no observable adverse effect level (NOAEL) for Lake Superior lake trout sac fry mortality (34 pg TCDD/g egg). Eggs exposed in the laboratory to [ 3 H]TCDD and maintained at either 8 or 8-3-8°C had similar sac fry mortalities. For all sources of eggs, [ 3 H]TCDD-induced sac fry mortality was associated with blue sac disease, which was not affected by water temperature, and resulted in similar LD 50 values (42-72 pg [ 3 H]TCDD/g egg). Thus, lack of sac fry mortality in wild Lake Ontario lake trout eggs was not caused by lack of responsiveness to TCDD but rather was attributable to egg TECs being below the TCDD NOAEL for sac fry mortality.Résumé : La concentration naturelle exprimée en équivalents de toxicité (ÉT) de la TCDD dans les oeufs de touladi (Salvelinus namaycush) (déterminés à partir des facteurs caractéristiques aux poissons d'équivalence de la toxicité des dibenzo-p-dioxines et dibenzofuranes polychlorés (PCDD et PCDF) ainsi que des biphényles polychlorés (BPC), était plus élevée à deux stations du lac Ontario qu'au lac Supérieur et dans une écloserie (10,5-10,9 contre 0,3 et 0,05 pg ÉT/g d'oeufs). Malgré la contamination plus marquée des oeufs du lac Ontario, la mortalité des alevins vésiculés était uniformément faible peu importe la provenance des oeufs. Cette constatation est conforme au fait que la concentration exprimée en équivalents de toxicité (ÉT) de la TCDD dans tous les oeufs est inférieure à la concentration sans effet nocif observé (NOAEL) de cette substance (soit 34 pg TCDD/g d'oeufs) déterminée en termes de mortalité des alevins vésiculés du touladi du lac Supérieur. Le taux de mortalité d'alevins vésiculés issus d'oeufs exposés à la [ 3 H]TCDD au laboratoire et conservés à une température de 8 ou de 8-3-8°C, était similaire. Peu importe l'origine des oeufs, la mortalité causée par la [ 3 H]TCDD chez les alevins vésiculés était associée à la maladie du sac bleu; celle-ci n'était pas soumise à l'influence de la température de l'eau. Cette mortalité correspondait à une CL 50 comparable, soit de 42-72 pg [ 3 H]TCDD/g d'oeufs. Ainsi, la mortalité réduite des alevins vésiculés issus d'oeufs pondus par des génitrices sauvages du lac Ontario n'est pas attribuable à une réaction peu marqeé à la TCDD, mais plutôt au fait que la concentration des équivalents de toxicité est inférieure à la NOAEL de la TCDD mesurée par la mortalité des alevins vésiculés. [Traduit par la Rédaction]

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“…These environmental samples show contamination with 2,3,7,8-substituted PCDFs and PCDDs. In a previous study we have already reported that aquatic species apparently show a preferential retention of these toxic isomers (18). As discussed, this could result from a decreased excretion of these isomers or a diminished ability of organisms to metabolize components with this pattern of chlorine substitution.…”

Section: Isomer-specific Analysis Of Pcdfs and Pcdds By Hrgcmentioning

confidence: 75%

“…An efficient, sophisticated procedure for the cleanup of environmental and biological samples was described by Stalling and collaborators (17,18). This procedure makes use of carbon adsorption chromatography which preferentially retains all the planar, polynuclear aromatic compounds which are thus specifically recovered and analyzed.…”

Section: Analytical Requirementsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Analysis of polychlorinated dibenzofurans, dioxins and related compounds in environmental samples.

Buser¹,

Rappe²,

Bergqvist³

1985

Environ Health Perspect

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The analysis of polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and to some extent biphenylenes (PCBPs) by high-resolution gas chromatography (HRGC) and mass spectrometry is described. Electron-impact (EI) and negative chemical ionization (NCI) mass spectrometry were used, and their application in environmental analyses documented. NCI shows increased sensitivity to all PCDFs and PCDDs except for 2,3,7,8-and other tetra-CDD isomers. The identification of the various PCDFs and PCDDs, specifically the identification of the toxic and hazardous 2,3,7,8-substituted isomers is emphasized; the unambiguous identification of all 2,3,7,8,-substituted PCDDs is documented. The application of HRGC and mass spectrometry to isomer-specific analyses of samples of aquatic species from the Baltic and the Great Lakes is shown. Results from this and previous studies indicate PCDF and PCDD residues in these organisms including significant levels of 2,3,7,8-substituted isomers. These aquatic species apparently show preferential retention or reduced metabolization rates for these toxic isomers. The results of samples from the Baltic indicate a contamination primarily due to PCDFs. The origin of this contamination seems complex and related to PCBs as well as chlorophenols. PCDF and PCDD isomer distribution patterns from analyses using HRGC and mass spectrometry aid in the identification of origin, sources and elucidation of routes of formation of these compounds. These methods are indispensable in taking measures to reduce future contaminations and to protect our environment.

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Residues of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-P-Dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Laurentian Great Lakes Fish

Cited by 48 publications

References 17 publications

Bioconcentration and disposition of 1,3,6,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin and octachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin by rainbow trout and fathead minnows

Bioconcentration and disposition of 1,3,6,8‐tetrachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin and octachlorodibenzo‐p‐dioxin by rainbow trout and fathead minnows

Assessment of 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin induced sac fry mortality in lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) from different regions of the Great Lakes

Analysis of polychlorinated dibenzofurans, dioxins and related compounds in environmental samples.

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