Residues of Reduced Herbicides Terbuthylazine, Ametryn, and Atrazine and Toxicology to Maize and the Environment through Salicylic Acid

Abstract

Terbuthylazine (TBA), ametryn (AME), and atrazine (ATZ) are triazine family herbicides. They are dominantly used in the field of cereal crops like wheat and maize for prevention of upland from annual gramineous and broad-leaved weeds, with attributes of weed efficiency broad spectrum and good market performance. Salicylic acid (SA) is a kind of natural plant growth regulator existing widely in the plant kingdom and participating in many physiological and defense processes. In this study, the effects of SA on the detoxification and degradation of herbicides TBA, AME, and ATZ in maize were investigated. When maize plants were exposed to 6 mg kg −1 of the triazine herbicides, the growth and chlorophyll concentration were reduced, while the membrane permeability increased. After maize was sprayed with 5 mg kg −1 SA, the herbicide-induced phytotoxicity was significantly assuaged, with the increased content of chlorophyll and decreased cellular damage in plants. Activities of several biomarker enzymes such as SOD, POD, and GST were repressed in the presence of SA. The concentration of the triazine herbicides in maize and the soil determined by high-performance liquid chromatography was drastically reduced by spraying SA. Using LC/Q-TOF-MS/MS, six metabolites and nine conjugates of AME in maize and soil were characterized. The relative contents of AME metabolites and conjugates in maize with SA were higher than those without SA. These results suggest that SA is able to promote the detoxification and decay of these triazine herbicides in maize and soil.

Bioremediation of terbuthylazine contaminated soil: a bibliometric and systematic review

“…Pesticide accumulation in the environment has become a serious problem that has been harming ecosystems. Since only a small proportion of pesticides are actually absorbed by their target and large amounts are retained in the soil, they have become a threat to food production, food safety, and human health (LU et al, 2016;YU et al, 2021).…”

Ambient Temperature Metal‐Free Thiomethylation of Chloroheteroarenes and Chloropurines

“…[1,3] A significant part of these sulfur-containing molecules possess aromatic CÀ S bonds (especially CÀ SMe functionality) but a steady increase in the heteroaryl sulfides, sulfoxides, or sulfones as core structures has also been observed. [4] Triclabendazole [5] (antihelmintic drug), Armodafinil [6] (narcolepsy treatment), Mesotrione [7] (herbicide), Ametryn [8] and Simetryn [9] (both agrochemical) are some of the many examples of sulfur-containing molecules of commercial significance (Figure 1).…”

Triazine Herbicides Risk Management Strategies on Environmental and Human Health Aspects Using In-Silico Methods

“…Triazine herbicides (THs) have long held an important position in the pesticide market. They are applied primarily to maize cropping fields [ 1 ], owing to their broad spectrum, high performance, and low cost [ 1 ], but they also have high toxicity, environmental persistence, and endocrine disrupting effect [ 1 , 2 ]. THs target the D1 protein (D1-PSII) of the photosynthetic system II (PSII) and act as herbicides by inhibiting plant photosynthesis [ 3 ].…”