Resilience and Vulnerability among Preschool Children: Family Functioning, Temperament, and Behavior Problems

Tschann, Jeanne M.; Kaiser, Pamela; Chesney, Margaret A.; Alkon, Abbey; Boyce, W. Thomas

doi:10.1097/00004583-199602000-00012

Cited by 92 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 31 publications

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“…Likewise, temperament can be viewed as a moderator in the relationship between environmental risk factors and developmental outcomes. Evidence of temperament as a moderator in the context of a suboptimal environment was found with children from families with high conflicts (Tschann, Kaiser, Chesney, Alkon, & Boyce, 1996). In this study, 2-to 5-year-old children with more difficult temperaments were reported by a teacher to have higher levels of externalizing and internalizing behavior problems.…”

Section: Dysfunctional Family Environment As a Moderator Between Chilmentioning

confidence: 55%

Temperamental characteristics as predictors of externalizing and internalizing child behavior problems in the contexts of high and low parental psychopathology

Mun

Fitzgerald

Eye

et al. 2001

Infant Mental Health Journal

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This study investigated whether the relationships between dimensions of early child temperament and externalizing and internalizing behavior problems differ in relation to the degree of parental psychopathology to which children are exposed. In addition, the reciprocal relation between externalizing and internalizing behavior problems, and stability patterns (i.e., autoregression) of externalizing and internalizing behavior problems were investigated using a two-group structural model. A sample of 215 boys (mean age ϭ 4.22) and their parents were assessed when the boys were 3-5 years old and again when they were 6-8 years old. For the children of parents with two or more lifetime psychopathology diagnoses, high activity, short attention span/distractibility, and high reactivity were linked to externalizing behavior problems, whereas withdrawal was linked to internalizing behavior problems. For children from low parental psychopathology families, only reactivity was linked to externalizing behavior problems, whereas withdrawal was linked to internalizing behavior problems. Children from high parental psychopathology families (alcohol use disorder and antisocial personality disorder) showed lower stability (autoregression) estimates of behavior problems. The reciprocal relation between externalizing and internalizing behavior problems was supported when children were 6-8 years old, but not when they were 3-5 years old.RESUMEN: Este estudio investigó el hecho de si la relación entre las dimensiones del temperamento en la primera etapa de la niñez y los problemas de la externalización e internalización de la conducta difieren en cuanto al grado de la sicopatología de los padres a la cual los niños están expuestos. Adicionalmente, • E.Y. Mun et al.la recíproca relación entre los problemas de la externalización e internalización de la conducta, y los patrones de estabilidad (por ejemplo, la autoregresión) de tales problemas fue investigada usando un modelo estructural de dos grupos. Un grupo-muestra de 215 niños varones (M edad ϭ 4.22) y sus padres fueron evaluados cuando los niños tenían de 3 a 5 años de edad, y por segunda vez cuando ellos tenían de 6 a 8 años. En el caso de aquellos niños cuyos padres tenían una o más diagnosis de sicopatología en su vida, su alto grado de actividad, sus problemas de atención/fácil distracción, y su fuerte reactividad fueron vinculados a los problemas de conducta externalizada; mientras que el aislamiento o abandono fue vinculado con los problemas de conducta internalizada. Para los niños provenientes de familias con baja sicopatología de los padres, sólo la reactividad fue vinculada a los problemas de conducta externalizada, mientras que el abandono o aislamiento se vinculó con los problemas de conducta internalizada. Los niños de familias con un alto grado de sicopatología de los padres (trastornos por el uso del alcohol y personalidad antisocial) mostraron más bajos estimados de estabilidad (autoregresión) de problemas de conducta. La relación recíproca entre los probl...

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Section: Dysfunctional Family Environment As a Moderator Between Chilmentioning

confidence: 55%

Temperamental characteristics as predictors of externalizing and internalizing child behavior problems in the contexts of high and low parental psychopathology

Mun

Fitzgerald

Eye

et al. 2001

Infant Mental Health Journal

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“…The evidence from a wide range of studies (see Rutter, in press) indicates that there are both direct and indirect effects. The findings from the study of preschool children attending childcare centres initiated by Boyce and his colleagues (Tschann et al, 1996) illustrate the point. Family conflict was assessed using the Moos and Moos Family Environment Scale; temperament was measured using Keogh's Teacher Temperament Questionnaire based on the Thomas and Chess approach; and externalizing behaviour problems were measured using the Child Behaviour Checklist.…”

Section: Resilience Concepts and Findings 123mentioning

confidence: 90%

Resilience concepts and findings: implications for family therapy

Rutter

1999

Journal of Family Therapy

724

401

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Resilience is a term used to describe relative resistance to psychosocial risk experiences. There is abundant evidence that there is enormous variation in children's responses to such experiences but research to determine the processes underlying the variations needs to take account of several crucial methodological issues. The findings emphasize that multiple risk and protective factors are involved; that children vary in their vulnerability to psychosocial stress and adversity as a result of both genetic and environmental influences; that family-wide experiences tend to impinge on individual children in quite different ways; that the reduction of negative, and increase of positive, chain reactions influences the extent to which the effects of adversity persist over time; that new experiences which open up opportunities can provide beneficial 'turning-point' effects; that although positive experiences in themselves do not exert much of a protective effect, they can be helpful if they serve to neutralize some risk factors; and that the cognitive and affective processing of experiences is likely to influence whether or not resilience develops. The implications of these findings for family therapy are considered in terms of the need for therapists to look carefully at the ways in which different risk factors interact; to assess and take account of individual differences in susceptibility; to consider the extent to which risk factors impinge on the individual and, in that connection, to note the importance of patterns of social interaction outside as well as inside the family; to appreciate the role of both the peer group and individual characteristics in the development of negative and positive chain reactions; and to pay attention to the ways in which individuals process their experiences.During the last twenty or thirty years there has been a growing interest in the concept of resilience (Rutter, in press). The term refers to the phenomenon of overcoming stress or adversity. That is, put in more operational terms, it means that there has been a relatively good outcome for someone despite their experience of situations

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“…A difficult temperament, basically characterized by negative mood, poor adaptation and excessive activity (Lerner & Vicary, 1984) is considered to be a predictor of behavioral problems (Sanson, Oberklaid, Pedlow, & Prior, 1991). In the long term, externalizing problems are more often associated with a difficult temperament, but in children of pre-school age, this relationship is found with both externalizing and internalizing problems (Tschann, Kaiser, Chesney, Alkon, & Boyce, 1996). Inhibited temperament, or behavioral inhibition, characterized by shyness towards unknown stimuli (Kagan, Reznick, & Snidman, 1998;Prior, Smart, Sanson, & Oberklaid, 2000) has also been considered to be a predictor of anxiety problems (Prior et al, 2000;Schwartz, Snidman, & Kagan, 1999).…”

Section: Palabras Clave: Problemas Psicológicos Diferencias Entre Sementioning

confidence: 99%

Psychological problems and associated factors at 6 years of age: Differences between sexes

et al. 2004

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In a non-clinical group of 130 children (65 boys and 65 girls), we evaluated the relationships between psychological problems using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL) reported by parents, the Inattention Overactivity With Aggression (IOWA) scale reported by teachers, individual factors (Intellectual quotient [IQ], temperament and heart rate) and environmental factors (stress events, mother's profession and being or not being an only child). We found no differences between the sexes in the prevalence of total psychological problems in the clinical range, but girls had significantly more borderline total problems than boys. Girls tended to have more externalizing problems than boys. In boys, there were more links between individual and environmental factors and psychological problems, especially externalizing problems. A high score in psychological problems assessed by the CBCL affected the school performance of boys and the social performance of girls. For boys, IQ was significantly lower when the score for total behavioral problems was higher, and for girls IQ was significantly lower when the score for externalizing problems was higher. Understanding the different levels of vulnerability of the sexes at different periods of development may help to improve the treatment children in this age group receive. Keywords: psychological problems, sex differences, CBCL, IQ Hemos evaluado, en un grupo de 130 niños (65 niños y 65 niñas) de 6 años de edad, las relaciones que se establecen entre problemas psicológicos (CBCL, obtenido de los padres y IOWA, obtenido de los maestros), factores individuales (cociente intelectual [C.I.], temperamento y frecuencia cardiaca) y factores ambientales (sucesos vitales, profesión materna y tener o no tener hermanos). No se han hallado diferencias entre sexos en la prevalecía de problemas totales de tipo clínico, pero las niñas han presentado significativamente más problemas en el rango límite que los niños. Se ha observado una tendencia a presentar más problemas exteriorizados en las niñas. En los varones se ha encontrado un mayor número de asociaciones entre los factores individuales y ambientales y los problemas psicológicos, principalmente los de tipo exteriorizado. Los problemas psicológicos han afectado la competencia escolar en los niños y la competencia social en las niñas. El C.I. se ha encontrado significativamente más bajo en la puntuación de problemas totales en niños y en la puntuación de problemas exteriorizados en niñas. La comprensión de diferentes vulnerabilidades entre sexos, en los diversos periodos evolutivos, puede ayudar a una mejor intervención en los niños de este grupo de edad. Palabras clave: problemas psicológicos, diferencias entre sexos, CBCL, C.I.

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Resilience and Vulnerability among Preschool Children: Family Functioning, Temperament, and Behavior Problems

Cited by 92 publications

References 31 publications

Temperamental characteristics as predictors of externalizing and internalizing child behavior problems in the contexts of high and low parental psychopathology

Temperamental characteristics as predictors of externalizing and internalizing child behavior problems in the contexts of high and low parental psychopathology

Resilience concepts and findings: implications for family therapy

Psychological problems and associated factors at 6 years of age: Differences between sexes

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