Resin flow responses to fertilization, wounding and fungal inoculation in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) in North Carolina

Knebel, Larissa; Robison, Daniel J.; Wentworth, Thomas R.; Klepzig, Kier D.

doi:10.1093/treephys/28.6.847

Cited by 39 publications

(27 citation statements)

References 42 publications

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“…The higher resin yield per tree found in Armuña, the stand with lower tree density, would support earlier work in lodgepole pine (Waring and Pitman, 1985), in which both tree vigor and resistance to bark beetle attacks increased when canopy density was reduced, suggesting that tree vigor could reflect the ability of trees to produce defensive compounds following attack. Neverthelees, other studies (Lorio and Sommers, 1986;McDowell et al, 2007;Knebel et al, 2008) demonstrated that resin flow could be increased even as growth decreased if reductions in photosynthesis were less than reductions in growth.…”

Section: Inter-annual Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…between different species, provenances, climates, resinflow inducing treatments, age classes and stand structures (Nanos et al, 2001;Roberds et al, 2003;Rodrigues et al, 2008). Most studies on resin flow have been conducted under controlled conditions, opening small wounds for a short period (Lombardero et al, 2000;Gaylord et al, 2007;Novick et al, 2012) in saplings or young trees (Ruel et al, 1998;Roberds et al, 2003;Knebel et al, 2008). In this study, we aim to evaluate climate effects on the resin production of mature trees tapped for five years, corresponding to real-scale tapping activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Influence of climate variables on resin yield and secretory structures in tapped Pinus pinaster Ait. in central Spain

Rodríguez-García

Martín

López

et al. 2015

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology

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a b s t r a c tIn the last five years, sharp increases in the price of natural resins, accompanied by technological advances directed toward mechanization, have made resin tapping a strategic activity for rural development and forest conservation. The resin industry demands more efficient tapping methods and forest management plans as a way to increase competitiveness in a global market. Understanding the effects of environmental conditions on resin yield, especially under the current scenario of climate change, is key to improving techniques and plans in the resin industry. This study aims to evaluate the intra-and inter-annual effects of climate conditions and soil water availability on resin yield in tapped Pinus pinaster stands. The individual resin yield of 26 tapped trees growing at two locations with different stand densities and soil characteristics was measured fortnightly during the tapping season (June to October) for four years. The study was complemented with an analysis of changes in xylem anatomy over the four years, with a focus on axial resin canal traits, including 12 non-tapped trees as controls. Intra-annual variation in resin yield was strongly correlated with temperature, solar radiation, potential evapotranspiration and water deficit. Inter-annual variation in resin yield and resin canal abundance were correlated with temperature and water deficit in spring, but above a certain threshold of cumulated water deficit in summer rainfall favored resin yield. Under adverse climate scenarios where resource optimization is desirable, a reduced tapping season during the warmest months (June-September) would be advisable, assuming a very small production loss. Similarly, in years with a rainy summer and/or dry spring, a slightly longer tapping season could be suggested, as resin yield increases after these events.

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Section: Inter-annual Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of climate variables on resin yield and secretory structures in tapped Pinus pinaster Ait. in central Spain

Rodríguez-García

Martín

López

et al. 2015

Agricultural and Forest Meteorology

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“…Disturbances in the course of natural disasters such as storm or avalanches, which cause strong vibrations or heavy wounding, enhance the production of resin and terpene-related compounds in the bark (Baier 1996;Knebel et al 2008;Blackwell 2011). While for slightly impaired trees a positive trade-off between primary and secondary metabolism is suggested (Bryant et al 1983;Herms & Mattson 1992;Lorio et al 1995), disposable carbon reserves required for repair and maintenance of life-sustaining mechanisms are increasingly depleted in case of severe stress (Niimets 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Defence reactions of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) before and after inoculation of the blue-stain fungus Endoconidiophora polonica in a drought stress experiment

Netherer¹,

Ehn²,

Blackwell³

et al. 2016

Forestry Journal

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We performed an inoculation experiment using the blue-stain fungus Endoconidiophora polonica at the Rosalia Roof study site, which was set up to study drought effects on Norway spruce susceptibility to attacks by the European spruce bark beetle Ips typographus. Tree resistance parameters such as resin flow rate and extent of hypersensitive wound reaction in the phloem were investigated prior to and after fungal infection. Sample trees with different drought treatments (trees fully covered or semi-covered by roofs, control trees) were inoculated with E. polonica in July 2014. In order to check for areas of phloem necrosis, the outer bark around the inoculation holes was scratched off 6 weeks later. We recorded the amount of resin exudation within 12 hours overnight in August and September 2013 and 2014. Although wound reaction zones did not differ in size between tree collectives of the various treatments, fully covered trees tended to exhibit larger necrotic areas compared to control trees. The least water supplied trees showed lowest resin flow rates prior to fungal inoculation, but were the only group to show significantly enhanced resin flow five weeks after the evaluation of defence reactions. Our results agree with earlier findings that wounding and few fungal inoculations can increase tree resistance in the medium term given not too severe water stress. Further investigations will clarify how water stress affects the availability of non-structural carbohydrates for secondary metabolism, when depletion of resources eventually occurs, and at which point trees are most susceptible to bark beetle attack.

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“…An intriguing finding in this study was the almost twofold higher levels of resin-covered areas from the woundinoculated stems than other treatments regardless of pine species. A similar instance was noted in loblolly pine (P. taeda L.) where wounding with inoculation resulted in a greater resin flow than wounding alone (Knebel et al, 2008). In Austrian pine (P. nigra Arn.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 53%

Resin Flow, Symptom Development, and Lignin Biosynthesis of Two Pine Species in Response to Wounding and Inoculation with Fusarium circinatum

Kim¹,

Lee²,

Kim³

et al. 2010

The Plant Pathology Journal

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Resin flow, symptom development, and lignin biosynthesis in response to wounding and fungal inoculation were investigated in Pinus rigida and Pinus densiflora. The two-year-old seedling stems were subjected to three types of treatments: (i) wounding without inoculation, (ii) wound-inoculation with a conidial suspension of Fusarium circinatum, and (iii) pre-wounding woundinoculation with the fungus 20 days after the initial wounding. Resin flow from wounding sites was more evident in P. rigida than P. densiflora in all treatments. The wound-inoculation with the fungus induced almost two-fold higher levels of resin flow than the other treatments in both species. The pre-wounding woundinoculation appeared to result in a decrease in pitch canker development in the two pine species. Some reductions in disease severity were observed in the prewounding wound-inoculated P. rigida, showing a mean disease severity of less than 85%, compared with approximately 100% in the wound-inoculated stems. Disease severity was approximately 50% in the woundinoculated P. densiflora, whereas 10% in the pre-wounding wound-inoculated stems. Higher amounts of lignin were found from bark (ca. 40%) than from xylem (ca. 30%). The wound-inoculated bark and the pre-wounding wound-inoculated bark exhibited higher amounts of lignin among the other treatments. These results suggest that the wound-inoculation apparently prompt the increase in resin flow and lignin biosynthesis from the two pine species, and the prior wounding may be involved in decreased disease severity against the further invasion of F. circinatum.

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Resin flow responses to fertilization, wounding and fungal inoculation in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda) in North Carolina

Cited by 39 publications

References 42 publications

Influence of climate variables on resin yield and secretory structures in tapped Pinus pinaster Ait. in central Spain

Influence of climate variables on resin yield and secretory structures in tapped Pinus pinaster Ait. in central Spain

Defence reactions of mature Norway spruce (Picea abies) before and after inoculation of the blue-stain fungus Endoconidiophora polonica in a drought stress experiment

Resin Flow, Symptom Development, and Lignin Biosynthesis of Two Pine Species in Response to Wounding and Inoculation with Fusarium circinatum

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