Resins, Natural

Fiebach, Klemens; Grimm, Dieter

doi:10.1002/14356007.a23_073

Cited by 23 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…Gum rosin‐acetone (GRA) mixtures of different initial acetone concentration (here 15–40 wt % acetone in gum rosin) were used as magma analogues, being prepared by solving brittle gum rosin blocks [Fiebach and Grimm, ] into acetone in a continuously stirred and sealed glass flask for about 24 h. Macroscopically, GRA mixtures appear purely liquid, although occasionally we visually observed solid gum rosin particles in mixtures of lower acetone concentration (<30 wt %). However, optical microscope images (Figures a–c for pictures of droplets of 30, 35, and 40 wt %, GRA mixtures respectively) show that they do contain solid particles, which are the crystalline residues of the dissolution of gum rosin in acetone.…”

Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explosive expansion of a slowly decompressed magma analogue: Evidence for delayed bubble nucleation

Rivalta

Pascal

Phillips

et al. 2013

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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[1] While ascending in the plumbing system of volcanoes, magma undergoes decompression at rates spanning several orders of magnitude and set by a number of factors internal and external to the volcano. Slow decompression generally results in an effusive or mildly explosive expansion of the magma, but counterexamples of sudden switches from effusive to explosive eruptive behavior have been documented at various volcanoes worldwide. The mechanisms involved in this behavior are currently debated, in particular for basaltic magmas. Here, we explore the interplay between decompression rate and vesiculation vigor by decompressing a magma analogue obtained by dissolving pine resin into acetone in varying proportions. Analogue experiments allow direct observations of the processes of bubble nucleation and growth, flow dynamics, and fragmentation that is not currently possible with magmatic systems. Our mixtures contain solid particles, and upon decompression, nucleation of acetone bubbles is observed. We find that mixtures with a high acetone content, containing smaller and fewer solid particles, experience strong supersaturation and fragment under very slow decompressions, despite having low viscosity, while mixtures with lower acetone content, with more and larger solid particles, degas efficiently without fragmentation. We interpret our results in terms of delayed bubble nucleation due to a lack of efficient nucleation sites. We discuss how a similar mechanism might induce violent, explosive expansion in volatile-rich and poorly crystalline low-silica magmas, by analogy with the behavior of rhyolitic magmas.

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Section: Experimental Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Explosive expansion of a slowly decompressed magma analogue: Evidence for delayed bubble nucleation

Rivalta

Pascal

Phillips

et al. 2013

Geochem Geophys Geosyst

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“…Today, resin is most commonly harvested from various pine species by cutting V-shaped notches in the trunk and collecting the resin (or oleoresin) as it flows from the tree as a clear viscous fluid. Resins harvested from pine are often refined further to produce rosin, also referred to as colophony (Fiebach et al 2005). Rosin is brittle, glassy, transparent solid that is non-volatile and insoluble in water (Coppen and Hone 1995) and is obtained by removing the volatile turpentine or pine oil portions that may be present in resin (Gaillard et al 2011).…”

Section: Resinmentioning

confidence: 99%

Understanding preservation and identification biases of ancient adhesives through experimentation

Kozowyk

Gijn

Langejans

2020

Archaeol Anthropol Sci

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Adhesive production is one of the earliest forms of transformative technology, predating ceramics and metallurgy by over 150,000 years. The study of the adhesives used by Neandertals and early modern humans currently plays a significant role in debates about human technological and cognitive evolution. Depending on the type of adhesive used, different production sequences were required. These can vary in complexity and would have needed different knowledge, expertise, and resources to manufacture. However, our knowledge of this important technological development is severely hampered by poorly understood taphonomic processes, which affects the preservation and identification of adhesive materials and leads to a research bias. Here we present the results from a 3-year field preservation experiment. Flint flakes hafted and non-hafted with replica adhesives were left to weather naturally on and below the surface at two locations with different soils and climatic conditions. Differential preservation was recorded on a variety of natural adhesives by digitally measuring the surface area of each residue before and after the elapsed time. Residues were further assessed and photographed using metallographic optical microscopy. Results show that certain adhesives preserve to a significantly higher degree than others, while some materials may be more easily overlooked or visually misdiagnosed. We must therefore be aware of both taphonomic and identification biases when discussing ancient adhesive technology. This research provides a first look that will help us understand the disparities between which adhesives were used in the past and what we find in the archaeological record today.

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“…Similar to other labdanes, abietic acid is an easily obtainable and abundant constituent of conifer resin. It is the primary component of resin acid, the most abundant of several closely related organic acids that constitute most of rosin, the solid portion of the oleoresin [ 38 ].…”

Section: Synthesis Starting From Diterpenes: the Bicyclic Labdanesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Ambrafuran (AmbroxTM) Synthesis from Natural Plant Product Precursors

2020

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Ambergris, an excretion product of sperm whales, has been a valued agent in the formulation of perfumes. The composition of ambergris consists of two major components: 40–46% cholestanol type steroids and approximately 25–45% of a triterpenoid known as ambrein. Ambergris undergoes oxidative decomposition in the environment to result in odorous compounds, such as ambraoxide, methylambraoxide, and ambracetal. Its oxidized form, ambrafuran (IUPAC name: 3a,6,6,9a-tetramethyl-2,4,5,5a,7,8,9,9b-octahydro-1H-benzo[e][1]benzofuran), is a terpene furan with a pleasant odor and unique olfactive and fixative properties. The current state of the fragrance industry uses ambrafuran materials entirely from synthetic or semisynthetic sources. However, natural compounds with the potential to be converted to ambergris-like odorants have been extracted from several different types of plants. Here we review plant terpenoids suitable as starting materials for the semisyntheses of ambrafuran or intermediates, such as ambradiol, that can be used in biocatalytic transformations to yield ambrafuran.

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Resins, Natural

Cited by 23 publications

References 11 publications

Explosive expansion of a slowly decompressed magma analogue: Evidence for delayed bubble nucleation

Explosive expansion of a slowly decompressed magma analogue: Evidence for delayed bubble nucleation

Understanding preservation and identification biases of ancient adhesives through experimentation

Ambrafuran (AmbroxTM) Synthesis from Natural Plant Product Precursors

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