Resistance sources for wheat aphid : An update

Abstract

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is a major crop with largest area under cultivation in India and plays a significant role in economic stability of the country. Many insect pests attack wheat in India, severe damage is caused by aphids as serious pest of wheat crop which cause yield losses either directly (35-40%) by sucking the sap of the plants or indirectly (20-80%) by transmitting viral and fungal diseases. They can multiply very rapidly under favourable conditions on leaves, stems and inflorescence. The infestation causes severe distortion of leaves and inflorescence and can significantly decrease the yield through direct feeding. The production of chlorophyll (green colour) is prevented by the attack of aphid resulting in curling of leaves and delayed head emergence causing improper maturity of grains. The aphid incidence level differed in different cultivars of wheat. The resistance of crop is an index of the balance that exists between the preference of the pest for crop and its antibiosis against it. The mechanical barriers possessed by the plants which prevented insects from feeding or ovipositing on them. The infestation significantly affected the root dry weight, number and height of tillers and number of spikes per head. Leaf epicutticular wax, ultra structure and leaf trichome were different on susceptible wheat cultivar and resistant cultivar. Leaf trichome density and position may act as a physical obstracle to the Russian wheat aphid feeding. An increased amount of glutamic acid, glutamine, alpha amino butyric acid, phenylalanine and proline and less methionine, produce resistance in wheat plants against aphids. Hydroxamic acids (Hx) have been shown to be a major biochemical mechanism of resistance of wheat to aphids, acting through antibiosis and feeding deterrency.

Antixenosis, Anatomical and Biochemical Studies on some Egyptian Wheat Cultivars Infested with Bird Cherry-Oat Aphid (Rhopalosiphum padi L.) (Hemiptera: Aphididae)

“…Furthermore, our results showed there is a negative correlation between number of aphids and chlorophyll b. This is in harmony with Patil et al, 2016 who mentioned that the aphid infestation causes severe distortion of leaves and inflorescence and can significantly decrease the yield through direct feeding. Also, the production of chlorophyll (green colour) is prevented by the attack of aphid resulting in curling of leaves and delayed head emergence causing improper maturity of grains.…”

“…They reported the significantly greater trichome density in resistance wheat. Also, leaf trichomes density and position may act as a physical obstracle to the Russian wheat aphid feeding (Patil et al, 2016). Furthermore, our results showed there is a negative correlation between number of aphids and chlorophyll b.…”

Categories of resistance in cotton genotypes,Gossypiumspp. against cotton-melon aphid,Aphis gossypii(Hemiptera: Aphididae)

“…The present investigations pave the way for exploring genotypes of G. arboreum for further characterization and incorporation in insect-resistant breeding programs. Aphid infestation under natural field conditions is mainly influenced by the host plants' antixenosis and antibiosis categories of resistance (Dhillon and Wehner 1991, Kumar et al 2011, Hu et al 2016, Patil et al 2016). Resistant genotypes are infested by fewer aphids commensurate to having higher trichome density, unfavorable leaf color, absence of essential amino acids, olfactory repellents, gustatory deterrent, etc.…”