Resistance training and sarcopenia

Abstract

Aging is inexorably accompanied by a progressive decline of muscle mass, quality and strength. The resulting condition has been termed sarcopenia. Age-related sarcopenia can be accelerated by a variety of factors including changes in the hormonal milieu, inactivity, poor nutrition, chronic illness, and loss of integrity and function in the peripheral and central nervous systems. The downstream mechanisms by which these risk factors cause sarcopenia are not completely understood. Exercise training (particularly resistance training) has long been identified as the most promising method for increasing muscle mass and strength among older people. New interventions aimed at preventing muscle atrophy, promoting muscle growth and ultimately, maintaining muscle functions during aging are discussed. Understanding how age affects muscle-related gene expression, protein recycling and resynthesis, post-translational modification and turnover will be crucial to identify new treatment options. RiassuntoL'invecchiamento è inesorabilmente accompagnato da un progressive declino della massa, della qualità e della forza muscolare. La conseguente condizione viene definita sarcopenia. La sarcopenia correlata all'invecchiamento può essere accelerata da una serie di fattori tra cui le modifiche degli equilibri ormonali, la sedentarietà, la scarsa nutrizione, le patologie croniche, e la perdita di integrità e funzione del sistema nervoso centrale e periferico. I meccanismi attraverso i quali questi fattori causano sarcopenia sono ancora non completamente chiari. L'esercizio fisico (in particolare il training di resistenza) è da tempo identificato come una delle più promettenti stratefie per aumentare la massa muscolare e la forza negli anziani. Interventi mirati a prevenire la atrofia muscolare, a promuovere la crescita muscolare e, in ultima analisi, preservare le funzioni muscolari durante l'invecchiamento verranno discussi. Comprendere come l'invecchiamento interferisce con l'espressione genica ai livello muscolare, con i sistemi di riciclo e resintesi proteica, con le modifiche post-traslatzionali e il turnover, sarà cruciale per identificare e implementare nuove strategie terapeutiche.

Intervenciones Con Ejercicio Contra Resistencia en La Persona Adulta Mayor Diagnosticada Con Sarcopenia. Una Revisión Sistemática

“…Giallauria et al (2015) recomiendan de 20-45 minutos de duración de la sesión, considerar la intensidad según la frecuencia cardiaca y el gasto de energía de los sujetos, emplear largos periodos de descanso entre repeticiones de ejercicio y realizar una frecuencia promedio de 3 días por semana con descanso 48 horas entre sesiones de ejercicio. Congruentemente, en procura de enfrentar la sarcopenia, Padilla et al (2014) también recomiendan trabajar de 8-12 repeticiones por grupo muscular, a un 60-80% de una repetición máxima, 3 series y 3 sesiones semanales por lo menos durante 8-12 semanas.…”

“…Tomando en cuenta la necesidad de corroborar y establecer recomendaciones específicas para la población con sarcopenia, la presente revisión concuerda con la frecuencia de ejercicio reportada previamente (American Collage of Sport Medicine, 2014;Giallauria et al, 2015;Iolascon et al, 2014;Padilla et al, 2014). Asimismo, la cantidad de series, intensidad, descansos entre series y número de repeticiones, también concuerdan con las evidencias previamente reportadas (American Collage of Sport Medicine, 2014; Iolascon et al, 2014;Padilla et al, 2014).…”

Management of Sarcopenic Obesity for Older Adults with Lower-Extremity Osteoarthritis

“…Exercise exerts benefits on pain reduction, muscle strength, and physical function in elder individuals with OA, regardless of exercise types [81]. Especially, the muscle strength-based exercise training (MSE) has been encouraged to minimize degenerative muscular function associated with aging [82,83], because of that elder individuals experience well muscular adaptations in terms of muscle morphological and architectural changes responding to MSE [84]. Therefore, MSE has been recommended for elder people with OA to augment muscle volume and enhance muscle hypertrophy [80].…”

Exploring the Preventive Effect and Mechanism of Senile Sarcopenia Based on “Gut–Muscle Axis”

“…There are no pharmacologic agents for the treatment of sarcopenia, and the main treatment of sarcopenia is physical therapy for muscle strengthening and gait training (Dhillon and Hasni, 2017). Exercise training (particularly resistance training) has long been regarded as the most prospective method for improving muscle mass and strength in older people (Giallauria et al, 2016), and almost all clinical trials have proved the beneficial effects of exercise in preventing sarcopenia (Beaudart et al, 2017). Exercise has significant impact on intestinal microbiome, because some investigations show that exercise is associated with increased biodiversity, as well as representation of taxa with beneficial metabolic functions (Clarke et al, 2014;Bressa et al, 2017;Ticinesi et al, 2019a).…”

“…It is imperative to obtain more understanding about the aging process, since healthy aging has become a popular topic (Lu et al, 2019). In recent years, more and more studies suggest that the muscle mass and function significantly and inexorably decline with age (Blau et al, 2015;Curtis et al, 2015;Brook et al, 2016;Cartee et al, 2016;Giallauria et al, 2016;Francis et al, 2017;Tezze et al, 2017;Tieland et al, 2018;Wilkinson et al, 2018;Larsson et al, 2019), which is termed as sarcopenia (Larsson et al, 2019). Sarcopenia is strictly defined as an age-related syndrome, which is characterized by progressive and generalized loss of skeletal muscle mass and strength.…”