Resistin Modulates the Functional Activity of Colostral Macrophages from Mothers with Obesity and Diabetes

Abstract

Background: Obesity and diabetes are major public health problems. Resistin is an adipokine that links the two diseases. There are few reports regarding colostrum cells and resistin from mothers with obesity and diabetes. Thus, this study aimed to determine the functional activity of macrophages present in the breast milk and colostrum of diabetic mothers with obesity and the effects of resistin on these cells. Methods: The women were divided according to BMI and glycemic status into normal weight non-diabetic, obese non-diabetic, normal weight type 2 diabetic, or obese type 2 diabetic groups. ELISA determined the resistin in colostrum. The cell subsets and apoptosis were determined by flow cytometry and the functional activity of cells by fluorescence microscopy. Results: The resistin levels were higher in the colostrum from diabetic mothers with obesity. The frequencies of CD14+ cells and cells expressing CD95+, independent of resistin treatment, were higher in the colostrum from diabetic mothers with obesity. The frequency of cells expressing CD14+CD95+ was higher in cells not treated with resistin in the colostrum from diabetic mothers with obesity. Apoptosis, irrespective of the presence of resistin, increased, whereas microbicidal activity decreased in cells from diabetic mothers with obesity. Conclusion: The data suggest that hyperglycemia associated with low-grade inflammation caused by obesity affects the percentage of cells expressing CD14+CD95+, death by apoptosis, and microbicidal indices; meanwhile, resistin restored the microbicidal activity of colostrum cells.

Gestational Diabetes Mellitus and Colostral Appetite-Regulating Adipokines

“…We found no significant differences in colostrum resistin level in relation to maternal hyperglycemic state (GDM-G1: 13.33 ng/mL, GDM-G2: 12.81 ng/mL, non-GDM: 7.89 ng/mL). However, these milk resistin values are higher than those reported by Ilcol and coworkers [101] and lower than data presented by Dalcin and coworkers [57]. In fact, we observed a higher, but not significantly, resistin level in relation to maternal hyperglycemia, while Dalcin and coworkers [57] noted the presence of significantly higher values for obese non-diabetes, normal weight diabetes, and obese diabetes groups in relation to the normal weight cohort.…”

“…However, these milk resistin values are higher than those reported by Ilcol and coworkers [101] and lower than data presented by Dalcin and coworkers [57]. In fact, we observed a higher, but not significantly, resistin level in relation to maternal hyperglycemia, while Dalcin and coworkers [57] noted the presence of significantly higher values for obese non-diabetes, normal weight diabetes, and obese diabetes groups in relation to the normal weight cohort. The data for resistin concentration in different stages of lactation (first and third months) reported previously [102,103] are lower than data obtained by us; this is in line with observations that resistin level decreases with progress of lactation and might be caused by the loss of fat stores in breastfeeding mothers [101,103].…”

“…Moreover, leptin, adiponectin, ghrelin, and resistin are involved in an infant's growth trajectory [52][53][54][55][56]. The details concerning molecular processes by which maternal milk adipokines contribute to the growth and health of the neonates need to be clarified [57,58]. Milk leptin may act centrally to regulate food intake and also be able to exert effects on the gastrointestinal smooth muscle, thus helping in the creation of a satiety signal and ending breastfeeding [49,[59][60][61][62].…”

“…In contrast, adiponectin stimulates food intake, participates in energy balance, and also is involved in lipid and glucose metabolism [49]. Resistin is an important link between obesity, insulin resistance, and diabetes [63][64][65] and its presence in human milk might contribute to regulation of an offspring's growth, metabolic development, and appetite [57,66]. During the energy imbalance which occurs in pregnancy complicated by GDM, ghrelin participates in the adaptation of the developing fetus to the intrauterine environment [67].…”

Melatonin and Cytokines Modulate Daily Instrumental Activities of Elderly People with SARS-CoV-2 Infection

“…In the present study, all participants were tested around the 3rd to 7th day of infection, an adequate interval for RT-PCR according to local protocols [72], suggesting that cytokines can be important in the initial disease. Several studies have reported correlations between cytokines, hormones, and chronic degenerative diseases, including obesity and diabetes [66,[73][74][75].…”