The attitudes of primary school children to breastfeeding and the effect of health education lectures ResumoObjetivo: Avaliar a percepção de estudantes do ensino fundamental em relação ao aleitamento materno e a influência de palestra educativa sobre seus conhecimentos. Métodos:Realizou-se um estudo transversal em cinco escolas, envolvendo 503 estudantes da quarta à oitava série, de ambos os sexos, divididos em dois grupos, controle (n = 215) e de intervenção (n = 288), para avaliar a influência de palestra educativa. Para a coleta de dados, utilizou-se um questionário contendo 30 questões sobre diferentes aspectos da amamentação. A intervenção consistiu em uma palestra com duração de 30 minutos realizada nas escolas.Resultados: A palestra aumentou o número de alunos que responderam que o leite materno é o mais adequado para a criança (p < 0,05) e que o ato de amamentar é a forma mais prática de alimentação (p < 0,05). Houve redução na intenção de realizar a suplementação alimentar no primeiro mês de vida (p < 0,05) e na oferta de chupeta ao bebê (p < 0,05). Após a intervenção, menos da metade das meninas optaria por um tempo de aleitamento igual a 1 ano ou mais (39,1% no grupo controle versus 43,2% no de intervenção); verificou-se o oposto para o sexo masculino (54,7% no controle versus 51,7% no de intervenção). Os meninos souberam citar vantagens específicas da amamentação para as mães com maior freqüência (37,1%), quando comparados ao sexo feminino (19,9%). Conclusão:Os resultados indicam que palestras de educação em saúde, realizadas em escolas, exercem influência benéfica sobre o conhecimento, percepção e atitudes em relação ao aleitamento materno.J Pediatr (Rio J). 2008;84(3):224-231: Aleitamento materno, educação em saúde, estudantes. AbstractObjective: To assess attitudes to breastfeeding among children in primary education and to evaluate the influence of educational lectures on their knowledge.Methods: This was a cross-sectional study of 503 students of both sexes from the fourth to the eighth grades of five different schools. The children were divided into two groups: control (n = 215) and intervention (n = 288) in order to evaluate the influence of educational lectures. A questionnaire containing 30 questions about different features of breastfeeding was used for data collection. The intervention took the form of a 30-minute lecture, given at the schools. Results:The lecture increased the number of schoolchildren who answered that breastmilk is most beneficial for infants (p < 0.05) and that breastfeeding is the most practical way of feeding babies (p < 0.05). There was a reduction in the number who would give supplementary feeding during the first month of life (p < 0.05) and also in how many would give a baby a pacifier (p < 0.05). After the intervention less than half of the girls would chose to breastfeed for 1 year or more (39.1% in the control group vs. 43.2% in the intervention group); while the opposite was true of the males (54.7% in the control group vs. 51.7% in the intervention group). M...
Transfusion-transmitted leishmaniasis has been a concern in regions endemic for the disease. Whether immediate or delayed, the risks posed by this mode of transmission call for careful assessment. The purpose of this study was to detect Leishmania infection in blood donors living in an endemic area and to investigate progression to the disease in these individuals. Immunofluorescent antibody test, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, leishmaniasis rapid test, and the polymerase chain reaction were applied to 430 donors in an initial evaluation. Of those donors with at least one positive test, 50 were reevaluated four years later by the same methods, as were 25 controls who had been negative on the same tests. In the first evaluation, Leishmania infection was detected in 41.4% (95% CI: 36.7–46.1) of donors (n = 430). None of the 75 reevaluated individuals had developed the disease, but retesting revealed positivity in at least one test in 36.0% (95% CI: 25.1–46.9) of donors. Of the 50 initially testing positive, 50% remained so on retesting. Of the 25 initially negative controls, two tested positive in the subsequent evaluation. The severity of the parasitosis and the risk of transfusion transmission warrant investigation of the potential inclusion of methods for Leishmania detection into blood banks for effective screening of infected donors.
Background The development of rK39-based immunochromatographic rapid diagnostic tests represents an important advance for serodiagnosis of visceral leishmaniasis, being cheap and easy to use at the point of care (POC). Although the use of rK39 have considerably improved the sensitivity and specificity of serological tests compared with total antigens, great variability in sensitivity and specificity was reported. This study aimed at the evaluation of "Kalazar Detect™ Rapid Test, Whole Blood" (Kalazar Detect RDT) for Visceral Leishmaniasis (VL) diagnosis using oral fluid, whole blood and serum specimens collected at different endemic areas of VL of Brazil. Methodology To evaluate Kalazar Detect RDT, oral fluid, whole blood and serum specimens from 128 VL patients, 85 healthy individuals, 22 patients with possible cross-reactivity diseases and 20 VL/aids coinfected patients were collected and assayed at the POC.
Efforts to control a zoonotic disease such as visceral leishmaniasis (VL) caused by Leishmania infantum can be successful if they rely on comprehensive data on animal infection. In Bahia state, Brazil, human VL is endemic, yet some areas have no epidemiological data on canine L. infantum infection and canine leishmaniasis (CanL) to date. We aimed to perform an epidemiological study describing the spatial distribution and characterizing canine L. infantum infection in two districts of the municipality of Muritiba, where human cases have occurred. Brazilian official serodiagnostic protocol (ELISA and immunochromatographic tests), PCR and clinical examination were performed in 351 owned dogs. A seroprevalence of 15.7% (55/351) was found, and L. infantum identified in 88.8% (32/36) of PCR tested samples. Spatial distribution of positive dogs indicated infection in both urban and rural districts. There was no association between seropositivity and sex or breed, but dogs older than 2 years were 3.8 times more likely to be seropositive (95% CI 1.57 - 9.18) than younger dogs. Among seropositive dogs, 80% (44/55) had clinical manifestations of CanL: 75% (33/44) presented dermatopathy, 50% (22/44) emaciation, and 29.5% (13/44) ophthalmopathy. This is the first report on canine seroprevalence and natural L. infantum infection in Muritiba, Bahia.
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