Resonators and materials for organic lasers based on energy transfer

Dodabalapur, Ananth; Berggren, Magnus; Slusher, R. E.; Bao, Zhenan; Timko, Allen G.; Schiortino, P.; Laskowski, E.J.; Katz, Howard E.; Nalamasu, O.

doi:10.1109/2944.669469

Cited by 67 publications

(48 citation statements)

References 26 publications

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“…To enhance the adhesion of the layer, the substrate is often maintained at a moderate temperature ( 200°C) during deposition. Material systems that have been investigated are tris-(8-hydroxyquinoline) aluminum (Alq 3 ) doped with one of the 4-(dicyanomethylene)-2-methyl-6-(4-dimethylaminostyryl)-4H-pyran (DCM) [54,55], DCMII, Rhodamine 6G, and the pyrromethene 546 dyes [55], and 2-napthyl-4,5-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1,3-oxazole (NAPOXA) doped with DCM2 [56][57][58]. Deposition of these structures was accomplished by simultaneous sublimation of the host and dopant molecules at background pressures of about 2 × 10 6 mbar.…”

Section: Thermal Sublimation and Low-pressure Organic Vapor Phase Depmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic solid‐state integrated amplifiers and lasers

Grivas

Pollnau

2012

Laser & Photonics Reviews

212

202

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Solid-state organic amplifiers and lasers are attractive for hybrid integration due to their compatibility with different material platforms, straightforward processing, and possibility to optimize easily their optical and electronic properties by molecular engineering. Advances in the gain medium design and synthesis in combination with new resonator architectures led to tremendous improvements in temporal and spectral properties, lifetime stability, gains produced and operating threshold powers, which triggered interest in their use for a broad range of integrated photonic applications. In this contribution, the current state-of-the-art in the field of organic solid-state amplifiers and lasers is reviewed from the aspects of fabrication technology, gain materials, and device performance. Furthermore, examples of the progress of this technology from a laboratory curiosity to one that demonstrates practical integrated photonic applications are highlighted. An outlook is also provided on research areas and applications that are likely to shape further developments of this technology. (Figure reprinted from [296],

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Section: Thermal Sublimation and Low-pressure Organic Vapor Phase Depmentioning

confidence: 99%

Organic solid‐state integrated amplifiers and lasers

Grivas

Pollnau

2012

Laser & Photonics Reviews

212

202

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“…(26)). At the same time, experimental measured values reported so far are typically in the range of 10 3 ∼ 10 4 or lower 4,5,6,7,8,9,10,11 . A reduction of a Q-factor may be attributed to a variety of reasons including side wall geometrical imperfections, inhomogeneity of the diffraction index of the disk, effects of coupling to the substrate or pedestal and others.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Polymeric microcavity lasers are made with an active medium including host and guest molecules 9,10,11 . The absorbed light is transferred from the photoexcited host molecules in the non-radiative way by means of resonant energy transfer to the guest molecules.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scattering matrix approach to the resonant states and Q values of microdisk lasing cavities

Rahachou

Zozoulenko

2004

Appl. Opt.

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We have developed a scattering-matrix approach for numerical calculation of resonant states and Q-values of a nonideal optical disk cavity of an arbitrary shape and of an arbitrary varying refraction index. The developed method has been applied to study the effect of surface roughness and inhomogeneity of the refraction index on Q-values of microdisk cavities for lasing applications. We demonstrate that even small surface roughness (∆r λ/50) can lead to a drastic degradation of high-Q cavity modes by many orders of magnitude. The results of numerical simulation are analyzed and explained in terms of wave reflection at a curved dielectric interface combined with the examination of Poincaré surfaces of section and Husimi distributions.

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“…The Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (λ = 532 nm) is used to pump these structures. The lasing emissions of the gain medium doped with Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) in two perpendicular directions are shown, and the threshold pump energy is measured.OCIS Organic solid-state gain media have been widely used to fabricate lasers with several kinds of laser resonators, such as distributed feedback (DFB) [1−4] , distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) [5] , whispering-gallery mode [5] , and planar microcavity lasers. Because of its simplicity and low cost, the sol-gel process is suitable for the development of organic gain media in the fabrication of optical elements [6,7] .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Two-dimensional DFB laser fabricated on dye-doped hybrid zirconia f ilm by soft lithography

Zhou¹,

Li²,

Huang³

et al. 2012

中国光学快报

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A two-dimensional (2D) distributed feedback (DFB) structure is fabricated on dye-doped sol-gel derived hybrid zirconia films by soft lithography. The Q-switched Nd:YAG laser (λ = 532 nm) is used to pump these structures. The lasing emissions of the gain medium doped with Rhodamine 6G (Rh6G) in two perpendicular directions are shown, and the threshold pump energy is measured.OCIS Organic solid-state gain media have been widely used to fabricate lasers with several kinds of laser resonators, such as distributed feedback (DFB) [1−4] , distributed Bragg reflector (DBR) [5] , whispering-gallery mode [5] , and planar microcavity lasers. Because of its simplicity and low cost, the sol-gel process is suitable for the development of organic gain media in the fabrication of optical elements [6,7] . Zirconia has been used for optical application of sol-gel thin films due to its high refractive index, wide optical transparency in the near-ultraviolet-visible range, and high chemical and thermal stabilities [8] . A DFB laser always consists of a planar or channel waveguide, is mirrorless, and has no external cavity [9] . It is made possible by the presence of periodic perturbations generated from the spatial modulation of the refractive index or the gain, or a combination of both. Typical organic one-dimensional (1D) DFB laser and two-dimensional (2D) DFB laser [10] have been widely reported. Their strong feedback in very compact resonators relies on the refractive index contrast between organic gain material and substrate interface. In contrast to conventional single-grating DFB lasers, dual-grating provides 2D DFB laser structures with superior performance due to stronger photon confinement within the guiding gain region [11] . DFB laser with surface relief structures is conventionally fabricated by a variety of complex methods, including reactive ion etching [12] , electron beam lithography, and holographic lithography [13] , which require expensive optical and clean room equipment, among others. Alternative techniques such as nano imprinting [14,15] , hot embossing, and soft lithography [16,17] have been developed. These techniques are much less expensive and easier to perform. Soft lithography is an alternative, convenient, and less damaging nano-patterning method, and elastomeric molds such as polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) are employed to pattern materials. PDMS has the several advantages. First, because of its conformal contact with non-planar surfaces without any external force, soft PDMS can replicate a many patterns, whether plane or non-plane. Second, the surface of PDMS has a low interfacial free energy and good chemical stability. Therefore, PDMS elastomers could be easily separated from the replicated structure. Finally, PDMS molds can be used multiple times without noticeable degradation in performance [18] . In this letter, we demonstrate the fabrication of 2D DFB structure on photosensitive dye-doped sol-gel derived zirconia films by soft lithographic method. PDMS elastomer is used to transfer the patterns of...

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Resonators and materials for organic lasers based on energy transfer

Cited by 67 publications

References 26 publications

Organic solid‐state integrated amplifiers and lasers

Organic solid‐state integrated amplifiers and lasers

Scattering matrix approach to the resonant states and Q values of microdisk lasing cavities

Two-dimensional DFB laser fabricated on dye-doped hybrid zirconia f ilm by soft lithography

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