Respiratory effects of occupational exposure to low concentration of hydrochloric acid among exposed workers: a case study in steel industry

Heidari, Hamidreza; Mohammadbeigi, Abolfazl; Soltanzadeh, Ahmad; Darabi, Mohadese; Asadi-Ghalhari, Mahdi

doi:10.4103/2045-9912.273958

Cited by 12 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…Pulmonary exposure to chemicals is one of the critical types of occupational exposure. Therefore, pulmonary injuries, such as different chronic and acute pulmonary diseases, are among the most frequent complaints made by industrial workers who are exposed to such chemicals (Heidari et al, 2019;Neghab et al, 2012aNeghab et al, , 2012bNeghab et al, , 2013. The findings of this study showed that the average exposure of small and medium industries' workers to ammonia was lower than 1/5 (20%) of the standard limit for a long exposure (TLV-TWA = 25 ppm) and lower than 1/7 (14.3%) of the standard limit for a short exposure (TLV-STEL = 35 ppm) (Neghab et al, 2019).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does exposure to ammonia concentrations lower than the threshold limit value cause acute pulmonary effects?

et al. 2023

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One of the major toxic effects of exposure to ammonia is the resulting pulmonary acute and chronic effects. This study investigated the acute pulmonary effects of exposure to ammonia lower than the recommended threshold limit value (TLV). This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2021 in four chemical fertilizer production industries using ammonia as the main raw material. A total of 116 workers who were exposed to ammonia were investigated. The level of exposure to ammonia was measured by NMAM 6016, and the evaluation of pulmonary symptoms and function parameters was done using the American Thoracic Society and European Respiratory Society protocols in four sessions. The paired-sample t-test, repeated measures test, Chi-square, and Fisher’s exact test were run to analyze the collected data. The prevalence rates of pulmonary symptoms, including cough, dyspnea, phlegm, and wheezing, were 24.14, 17.24, 14.66, and 16.38%, respectively, after one exposure shift. It was observed that all pulmonary function parameters were reduced after one exposure shift to ammonia. The results revealed that the parameters of vital capacity, forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), the FEV1/FVC ratio, and peak expiratory flow significantly decreased ( p < 0.05) across four exposure shifts. The findings indicated that exposure to ammonia at concentrations lower than one-fifth of TLV could bring about acute pulmonary effects and reduce pulmonary function parameters, similar to the pattern observed in obstructive pulmonary diseases.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Does exposure to ammonia concentrations lower than the threshold limit value cause acute pulmonary effects?

et al. 2023

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“…Small and medium-sized industries for various reasons, such as the lack of an efficient safety and health management system, poor quantitative and qualitative monitoring of regulatory bodies, and insufficient information from managers and workers about the health risks and threats of each chemical compound are at high risk of various health and safety consequences. 19 20 Due to the very serious effects of ammonia toxicity on human health, the framework of the present study was designed to investigate and model the toxic effects of ammonia leakage in the worst-case scenario (catastrophic rupture) in two climatic conditions (first 6 months and second 6 months of the year). The results of a study by Orozco et al 11 also showed that the main risk of ammonia leakage is related to the formation of toxic vapor cloud of this compound and the risk of consequences such as fire and explosion is much lower.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of the toxic effects of ammonia dispersion

Sadeghi-Yarandi

Mahdinia

Barazandeh

et al. 2021

Medical Gas Research

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Ammonia is a toxic compound and has many toxic effects on humans and the environment. This study was designed to model the consequences of ammonia leakage in an industrial slaughterhouse. Given the potential hazard of ammonia, only the toxic dimension of this gas was evaluated. The scenarios were evaluated in the worst possible condition and in the case of the complete rupture. Findings showed that in case of a catastrophic rupture scenario in reservoir 1 in the first and second 6 months of the year, the distances of 920.37 and 569.38 m from the reservoir in the wind direction were at Emergency Response Planning Guidelines, level 3 (ERPG3), respectively. In reservoir 2, in the first and second 6 months of the year, the distances of 699.58 and 384.86 m from the reservoir were at the ERPG3 level, respectively. In reservoir 3, in the first and second 6 months of the year, the distances of 203.48 and 748.28 m from the reservoir were at the ERPG3 level, respectively. Examination of the probit values showed that in reservoirs 1 and 2, the probit values were more than 4.28 up to 100 m from the reservoirs, and in the reservoir 3, the mortality rates were lower. The findings revealed that the catastrophic rupture of ammonia reservoirs in the studied slaughterhouse and the release of ammonia could lead to the fatality of large numbers of people in ERPG2 and ERPG3 areas. Therefore, it is necessary to take control measures to reduce the vulnerability against such accidents.

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“…24 Paparan bahan kimia dan polutan dalam konsentrasi yang besar menyebabkan kerusakan paru akut maupun kronik. 25 Dalam penelelitiannya, Heidari menemukan bahwa paparan bahan kimia seperti asam klorida dalam konsentrasi sedikit pun bisa meningkatkan resiko kerusakan saluran napas dan gangguan fungsi paru. Selain bahan kimia, debu besi adalah salah satu bahan iritan yang ada dilingkungan pabrik sebagai polutan udara yang dapat mengakibatkan gangguan transportasi mukosilier pada saat dihirup.…”

Section: Hasil Dan Diskusiunclassified

“…Hal ini tergantung pada kepekaan individu yang terpapar, terdapat perbedaan patofisiologi penyebab asma, diantaranya atopic, rhinitis, dan genetik merupakan kontributor utama berkembangnya asma, sementara kontaminasi di tempat kerja merupakan faktor resiko lingkungan yang penting dalam perkembangan asma. 25 Pada tahun 1987, Badan Internasional Penelitian Kanker mengklasifikasikan besi dan baja sebagai bahan karsinogenik bagi manusia.…”

Section: Hasil Dan Diskusiunclassified

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Resiko Gangguan Pernapasan pada Industri Besi Baja

Susilo

Tunjungsari

2022

comphi

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Work in steel mills is close to exposure to dust, fumes, and gases. Pollutants from activities in factory workers such as iron dust and other particles can increase the permeability of the respiratory tract mucosa. Iron dust can cause damage to lung surfactant and lung function and quartz can pose a risk of silicosis, lung cancer, cardiovascular disease, and mortality. This study uses several literature reviews through several international journals from 2015 to 2020. Search articles related to the risk of respiratory disorders in steel factories. Exposures to factory workers include metal fumes, dust, silica, acid gases. Respiratory disorders appear in the form of clinical symptoms which are divided into chronic and acute symptoms as well as changes in lungfunction as seen from changes in FVC and FEV1 from spirometry examination. The influencing factors are metallic agents that can be inhaled, the length of time workers are exposed to, working in confined spaces, lack of adequate ventilation, lack of occupational safety and health training, and worker compliance in the use of personal protective equipment. The risk of respiratory disorders in steel industry workers is a decrease in lung function accompanied by acute and chronic respiratory disorders. There are several factors that affect respiratory disorders in workers so that steel production companies are advised to take a comprehensive holistic approach in dealing with the risk of respiratory problems in steel factories.

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Respiratory effects of occupational exposure to low concentration of hydrochloric acid among exposed workers: a case study in steel industry

Cited by 12 publications

References 2 publications

Does exposure to ammonia concentrations lower than the threshold limit value cause acute pulmonary effects?

Does exposure to ammonia concentrations lower than the threshold limit value cause acute pulmonary effects?

Evaluation of the toxic effects of ammonia dispersion

Resiko Gangguan Pernapasan pada Industri Besi Baja

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