Respiratory monitoring: Arterial blood gas analysis, pulse oximetry, and end-tidal carbon dioxide analysis

Proulx, Jeffrey

doi:10.1016/s1096-2867(99)80015-2

Cited by 37 publications

(44 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…Blood gas analysis as a "gold standard" allows the qualitative and quantitative assessment of both metabolic and respiratory acid-base problems, including the interrelationship between ventilation, oxygenation, and metabolic condition, enabling therapeutic decisions to be made. It is useful for following trends in animals, as well as for assessing the severity of a disease [20]. In the pathogenesis of respiratory diseases in calves, disturbances in ventilation, pulmonary diffusion, pulmonary hemodynamics and/or ventilation-perfusion mismatching may result in decreased arterial O 2 levels.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Gases, Acid-Base Status And Plasma Lactate Concentrations In Calves With Respiratory Diseases

et al. 2015

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The purpose of this study was to evaluate in calves the effects of respiratory diseases of various severities on blood gases, acid-base balance and plasma lactate concentration. We included in the study 128 calves with clinical signs of various severities and outcomes of respiratory disorders. The age of the calves ranged from 1 to 12 months. According to the clinical fi ndings, course of the disease and time of blood collection, the sick calves were divided into three groups: RD 1 (n=34) -calves with moderate clinical signs; RD 2 (n=73) -calves with severe respiratory symptoms and RD 3 (n=21) -calves with severe respiratory symptoms and died within 48 hours after blood sampling. Into the study we also included one group of 28 clinically healthy calves. In the arterial blood we evaluated: blood pH, partial pressure of carbon dioxide -pCO 2 , partial pressure of oxygen -pO 2 , concentration of actual bicarbonate -HCO 3 -, base excess -BE, and saturation of hemoglobin by oxygen -O 2 -sat. The concentration of lactate was determined in the blood plasma. Signifi cant effects of health status and severity of respiratory diseases were recorded in all the evaluated variables. Marked hypoxemia and hypercapnia were found in calves with severe respiratory disorders and in animals that died within 48 hours after blood collection. In most calves, the acid-base changes were characterized as compensated respiratory acidosis. The highest mean lactate values were recorded in calves that died within 48 hours after blood sampling. The presented results suggest the usefulness of the analysis of blood gases and acid-base status in the evaluation and prognosis of various degrees and severity of respiratory diseases in calves, and in monitoring the patient response to treatment. Although plasma lactate analysis is less consistent with the severity of respiratory diseases, it might be helpful in the indication of an untreatable stage of the disease and upcoming death.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Blood Gases, Acid-Base Status And Plasma Lactate Concentrations In Calves With Respiratory Diseases

et al. 2015

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“…When the results are correctly interpreted, they can show an overview of the respiratory and metabolic status in the anesthetized patient (Proulx 1999).…”

Section: Blood Gas Analysismentioning

confidence: 99%

“…When these drugs are used at lower to avoid blood coagulation (Proulx 1999). It is also important to avoid air bubbles in the syringe, as they interfere with the analysis.…”

Section: Anesthetic Depthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring

Ozeki¹,

Caulkett²

2014

Zoo Animal and Wildlife Immobilization and Anesthesia

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“…Arterial blood samples give important information about lung function, whereas venous blood samples give information about tissue perfusion in the whole body as well as the acid-base balance 9,12 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In the case of the patient receiving 100% oxygen, SpO 2 values should be 95-100%. Saturation reducing below 95% during anaesthesia indicates hypoxia 12,19 .…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of the Effects of Spontaneous and Mechanical Ventilation on Blood Gases During General Anaesthesia in Dogs

Güzel¹,

Yıldar²,

Karabağli³

et al. 2013

Kafkas Univ Vet Fak Derg

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SummarySpontaneous ventilation during general anaesthesia leads to respiratory depression and atelectasis. Mechanical ventilation increases tidal volume and eliminates atelectasis. The study material consisted of a total of 20 dogs of different breed, age and gender. Dogs were divided into two groups, consisted of 10 dogs. The first group was established as the spontaneous ventilation (SV) group, while the second group was the mechanical ventilation (MV) group. For induction of anaesthesia, propofol was administered to both groups via intravenous injection at a dose of 6 mg/kg. Blood samples were collected from all dogs in 5 minutes after propofol administration. This period was determined as Minute 0 (T 0 ). In both groups, inhalation anaesthesia was continued with isoflurane. Venous blood samples were collected from dogs in the SV and MV groups at 15 (T 15 ), 30 (T 30 ) and 60 (T 60 ) minutes. Heart rate, respiratory rate, SpO 2 , body temperature and blood gases were monitored. Statistical evaluation of the study was carried out using the Repeated Measures Analysis of Variance method. The results obtained showed that there was no statistically significant difference between the SV and MV groups regarding the examined parameters. However, in the assessments within the group, results obtained from the dogs in the MV group were more reliable from the point of view of the patients remaining stable throughout anaesthesia. Keywords: Spontaneous ventilation, Mechanical ventilation, Blood gases, Dog Köpeklerde Genel Anestezi Sürecinde Spontan ve Mekanik Ventilasyonun Kan Gazları Üzerine Etkilerinin Karşılaştırılması ÖzetGenel anestezide spontan ventilasyon, solunumun baskılanmasına ve atelektaziye yol açar. Mekanik ventilasyon tidal volümü artırır ve atelektaziyi giderir. Çalışma materyalini, farklı ırk, yaş ve cinsiyetteki toplam 20 köpek oluşturdu. Olgular, her grupta 10 köpek olacak şekilde 2'ye ayrıldı. İlk grup spontan ventilasyon (SV), ikinci grup mekanik ventilasyon (MV) grubu olarak belirlendi. Anestezi indüksiyonunda her iki gruba, propofol 6 mg/kg'dan intravenöz enjeksiyonla verildi. Tüm köpeklerden, propofol enjeksiyonunu takip eden 5. dakikada kan örnekleri alındı. Bu süre 0. dakika (T 0 ) olarak değerlendirildi. Her iki grubun inhalasyon anestezisi izofloranla sürdürüldü. SV ve MV grubundaki olgulardan 15. dakika (T 15 ), 30. dakika (T 30 ) ve 60. dakika (T 60 )'larda venöz kan örnekleri alındı. Kalp atım sayısı, solunum sayısı, SpO 2 , vücut ısısı ve kan gazları monitörize edildi. Çalışmanın istatistiki değerlendirmesi Tekrarlı Ölçüm Varyans Analizi metodu ile yapıldı. Elde edilen bulgular, incelenen parametreler yönünden SV ve MV grupları arasında istatistiki anlamda önemli bir fark olmadığını gösterdi. Ancak grup içi değerlendirmelerde, MV grubundaki köpeklerden elde edilen sonuçların, hastaların anestezi süresince stabil kalmaları açısından daha güvenilir olduğu sonucuna ulaşıldı.

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Respiratory monitoring: Arterial blood gas analysis, pulse oximetry, and end-tidal carbon dioxide analysis

Cited by 37 publications

References 3 publications

Blood Gases, Acid-Base Status And Plasma Lactate Concentrations In Calves With Respiratory Diseases

Blood Gases, Acid-Base Status And Plasma Lactate Concentrations In Calves With Respiratory Diseases

Monitoring

Comparison of the Effects of Spontaneous and Mechanical Ventilation on Blood Gases During General Anaesthesia in Dogs

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