Respiratory muscle endurance after training in athletes and non-athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Sales, Ana Tereza; Fregonezi, Guilherme; Ramsook, Andrew H.; Guenette, Jordan A.; Lima, Íllia Nadinne Dantas Florentino; Reid, W. Darlene

doi:10.1016/j.ptsp.2015.08.001

Cited by 48 publications

(34 citation statements)

References 47 publications

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“…The increase in resistance capacity of respiratory muscles, represented by increased MVV, contributes positively to the ability to maintain increased respiratory work at high intensities of the exercise. Sales et al (2016) showed that higher resistance capacity of inspiratory muscles contributed to the maintenance of blood supply and blood perfusion, which directly influenced the reduction of the metabolic demand of these muscles, leading to better performance and functionality.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Performance of Handball Athletes

Hartz

Sindorf

Lopes

et al. 2018

Journal of Human Kinetics

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Inspiratory muscle training (IMT) is a strategy that has been used to improve performance in different sports modalities. This study investigated the effects of an IMT program on respiratory muscle strength and resistance as well as aerobic physical performance (PP) of handball athletes. Nineteen 20 ± 3 year-old male athletes were allocated into an experimental (EG, n = 10) or a placebo group (PG, n = 9). Their respiratory muscle strength was evaluated by measuring the maximum inspiratory and expiratory pressures (MIP and MEP), muscular respiratory resistance by maximum voluntary ventilation (MVV) and aerobic PP by the cardiopulmonary exercise test. The study was designed to evaluate the effects of a 12-week IMT program with five sessions a week. A significant difference was observed in the pre and post IMT values of the MIP (170 ± 34 to 262 ± 33 cmH2O) and MEP (177 ± 36 to 218 ± 37 cmH2O) in the EG, and MIP (173 ± 45 to 213 ± 21 cmH2O) in the PG, with a large effect size for the MIP, when the groups were compared. MVV showed a significant increase (162 ± 24 to 173 ± 30 L) in the EG, with a small effect size. There was a significant difference in maximum oxygen uptake (54 ± 8 to 60 ± 7 ml/kg/min) in aerobic PP. Oxygen uptake at the respiratory compensation point (RCP) (46 ± 6 to 50 ± 5 ml/kg/min), with a moderate effect size for both variables, was observed in the EG after IMT. We concluded that IMT provided a significant increase in respiratory muscle strength and resistance, contributing to increased aerobic PP in the EG, which suggests that IMT could be incorporated in handball players’ training.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Performance of Handball Athletes

Hartz

Sindorf

Lopes

et al. 2018

Journal of Human Kinetics

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“…Although there is still no definitive evidence as to whether it is possible to improve exercise tolerance, reliable recent studies showed that respiratory muscle training has a small but probable and significant effect on endurance exercise performance. What needs to be determined is the mechanism or combination of mechanisms by which respiratory muscle training improves exercise performance: relief of respiratory muscle fatigue; relief of limb muscle fatigue; attenuation of the respiratory muscle metaboreflex; and relief of the discomfort associated with high levels of respiratory muscle work [ 21 – 23 ].…”

Section: How To Improve Respiratory Muscle Performance During Exercismentioning

confidence: 99%

The respiratory muscles during exercise

Aliverti

2016

Breathe

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From a functional point of view, there are three groups of respiratory muscles: the diaphragm, the rib cage muscles and the abdominal muscles. Each group acts on the chest wall and its compartments, i.e. the lung-apposed rib cage, the diaphragm-apposed rib cage and the abdomen. Contraction of the diaphragm expands the abdomen and the lower part of the rib cage (abdominal rib cage). The rib cage muscles, including the intercostals, the parasternals, the scalene and the neck muscles, mostly act on the upper part of the rib cage (pulmonary rib cage) and are both inspiratory and expiratory. The abdominal muscles act on the abdomen and the abdominal rib cage and are expiratory. When each muscle group contracts alone or the contraction is predominant compared to the other groups, undesirable effects (such as “paradoxical” inward or outward motion during inspiration and expiration, respectively) occur on at least one of the compartments. A highly coordinated recruitment of two or three muscle groups is required to avoid these effects. During breathing at rest, this is accomplished by the coordinated activity of the diaphragm and inspiratory rib cage muscles. Normally no expiratory muscles are used [1].

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“…There is a lack of investigations, however, concerning a possible association between inspiratory muscle strength and MUM performance. Inspiratory muscle training using linear workload devices is accessible to athletes [ 13 ] and it constitutes an effective tool to improve endurance-sports performance [ 13 , 14 , 15 ]. Overall, further studies are warranted to resolve whether the limiting factors in ultra-endurance events are similar to those described in shorter distances [ 16 ], as well as studies comparing performance factors in male and female athletes competing in ultramarathon races [ 17 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Inspiratory and Lower-Limb Strength Importance in Mountain Ultramarathon Running. Sex Differences and Relationship with Performance

Martínez-Navarro

Montoya-Vieco

Collado

et al. 2020

Sports

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The study was aimed at comparing lower-limb strength and respiratory parameters between male and female athletes and their interaction with performance in a 107 km mountain ultramarathon. Forty seven runners (29 males and 18 females; mean ± SD age: 41 ± 5 years) were enrolled. Lower-limb strength assessment comprised a squat jump test, an ankle rebound test, and an isometric strength test. Respiratory assessment included pulmonary function testing and the measurement of maximal inspiratory pressure. Male athletes performed largely better in the squat jump (26 ± 4 vs. 21 ± 3 cm; p < 0.001; d = 1.48), while no sex differences were found in the other two lower-limb tests. Concerning the respiratory parameters, male athletes showed largely greater values in pulmonary expiratory variables: forced vital capacity (5.19 ± 0.68 vs. 3.65 ± 0.52 L; p < 0.001; d = 2.53), forced expiratory volume in 1 s (4.24 ± 0.54 vs. 2.97 ± 0.39 L; p < 0.001; d = 2.69), peak expiratory flow (9.9 ± 1.56 vs. 5.89 ± 1.39 L/min; p < 0.001; d = 2.77) and maximum voluntary ventilation in 12 s (171 ± 39 vs. 108 ± 23 L/min; p < 0.001; d = 1.93); while no sex differences were identified in maximal inspiratory pressure. Race time was associated with ankle rebound test performance (r = −0.390; p = 0.027), isometric strength test performance (r = −0.349; p = 0.049) and maximal inspiratory pressure (r = −0.544; p < 0.001). Consequently, it seems that athletes competing in mountain ultramarathons may benefit from improving lower-limb isometric strength, ankle reactive strength and inspiratory muscle strength. Nevertheless, further interventional studies are required to confirm these exploratory results. In addition, the fact that the magnitude of the sex difference for isometric strength was minor, as compared with the other strength tests, could represent one of the factors explaining why the performance gap between males and females is reduced in ultramarathons.

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Respiratory muscle endurance after training in athletes and non-athletes: A systematic review and meta-analysis

Cited by 48 publications

References 47 publications

Effect of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Performance of Handball Athletes

Effect of Inspiratory Muscle Training on Performance of Handball Athletes

The respiratory muscles during exercise

Inspiratory and Lower-Limb Strength Importance in Mountain Ultramarathon Running. Sex Differences and Relationship with Performance

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