Respiratory viral sepsis: epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment

Abstract

According to the Third International Consensus Definition for Sepsis and Septic Shock, sepsis is a life-threatening organ dysfunction resulting from dysregulated host responses to infection. Epidemiological data about sepsis from the 2017 Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factor Study showed that the global burden of sepsis was greater than previously estimated. Bacteria have been shown to be the predominant pathogen of sepsis among patients with pathogens detected, while sepsis caused by viruses is underdiagnosed worldwide. The coronavirus disease that emerged in 2019 in China and now in many other countries has brought viral sepsis back into the vision of physicians and researchers worldwide. Although the current understanding of the pathophysiology of sepsis has improved, the differences between viral and bacterial sepsis at the level of pathophysiology are not well understood. Diagnosis methods that can broadly differentiate between bacterial and viral sepsis at the initial stage after the development of sepsis are limited. New treatments that can be applied at clinics for sepsis are scarce and this situation is not consistent with the growing understanding of pathophysiology. This review aims to give a brief summary of current knowledge of the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis and treatment of viral sepsis.

Characteristics of viral pneumonia in the COVID-19 era: an update

“…The initial presentation of sepsis secondary to viral pneumonia may be based on new-onset or worsening hypotension, altered mental status and other signs of organ dysfunction, such as renal dysfunction, liver dysfunction, or thrombocytopenia and should be differentiated by bacterial superinfection. Sometimes, ageing patients, immunocompromised patients, or those living with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease can have a less specific presentation with rapidly worsening clinical conditions [20]. In some cases, the activation of the inflammatory response caused by a viral infection can trigger a pro-coagulative status thereby increasing the risk of cerebrovascular events in apparently low-risk patients [21].…”

Nanotherapies for sepsis by regulating inflammatory signals and reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: New insight for treating COVID-19

“…It is very difficult to distinguish between viral sepsis and bacterial sepsis. Recent studies have found that the distinct of viral and bacterial sepsis can only be distinguished by a complex method of whole blood genomics [ 54 ]. The therapy of sepsis is mainly combining the supportive therapy with the interventions aimed at the root causes of pathogens.…”

Fatores que intensificam o risco de óbito causado por SEPSE e o papel do farmacêutico nesse contexto: uma revisão integrativa/ Factors that intensify the risk of death caused by SEPSIS and the role of pharmaceuticals in this context: an integrative review

“…As Infecções virais graves podem causar síndromes sépticas, isso geralmente ocorre por meio do knockdown viral da resposta antiviral inicial, entretanto, vários vírus, como o Parechovírus, também podem causar síndromes e complicações inflamatórias semelhantes à sepse. (GU et al, 2020). Os estudos de Gupta et al (2018); Gu et al (2020) e Silva et al (2021), revelam que a sepse viral tende a provocar infecção no trato respiratório e na corrente sanguínea.…”

“…(GU et al, 2020). Os estudos de Gupta et al (2018); Gu et al (2020) e Silva et al (2021), revelam que a sepse viral tende a provocar infecção no trato respiratório e na corrente sanguínea. Além disso, os estudos apontam a Influenza A, o…”