Responding to simultaneous crises: communications and social norms of mask behavior during wildfires and COVID-19

Santana, Francisca N.; Fischer, Stephanie L.; Jaeger, Marika O; Wong‐Parodi, Gabrielle

doi:10.1088/1748-9326/abba55

Cited by 22 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 23 publications

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“…One possible driver of reductions in adherence to physical distancing is the economic burden that performing these behaviours imposes on the individual and society at large. This would explain why we observe a decline for costly physical distancing but not for 'cheap' mask wearing, although the more rapid increase in adoption relative to policy requirements observed for mask use could also have resulted from clearer and more consistent messaging from governments and international bodies 24 , increased availability following initial shortages and the self-reinforcement of new social norms 29 . But if financial considerations drive waning adherence to physical distancing, one would arguably expect larger and more rapid drops, and perhaps weaker or non-existent rebounds, in low-income nations than in wealthy ones, as well as among unemployed people compared with those in work 30,31 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

A worldwide assessment of changes in adherence to COVID-19 protective behaviours and hypothesized pandemic fatigue

et al. 2021

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As the COVID-19 pandemic lingers, the possibility of 'pandemic fatigue' has raised worldwide concerns. Here, we examine whether there was a gradual reduction in adherence to protective behaviours against COVID-19 from March through December 2020, as hypothesized in expectations of fatigue. We considered self-report behaviours from representative samples of the populations of 14 countries (N = 238,797), as well as mobility and policy data for 124 countries. Our results show that changes in adherence were empirically meaningful and geographically widespread. While a low-cost and habituating behaviour (mask wearing) exhibited a linear rise in adherence, high-cost and sensitizing behaviours (physical distancing) declined, but this decline decelerated over time, with small rebounds seen in later months. Reductions in adherence to physical distancing showed little difference across societal groups, but were less intense in countries with high interpersonal trust. Alternative underlying mechanisms and policy implications are discussed.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 86%

A worldwide assessment of changes in adherence to COVID-19 protective behaviours and hypothesized pandemic fatigue

et al. 2021

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“…Previous scholars have shown that face mask wearing is positively influenced by SNR. Santana et al [ 42 ] found that social norms motivate COVID-19 preventive behaviors such as wearing face masks. Syed et al [ 43 ] revealed that households’ willingness of wearing face masks considerably increased during the 2003 SARS outbreak and was positively linked with SNR.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing Public Willingness to Wear Face Masks during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Fresh Insights from the Theory of Planned Behavior

Irfan

Akhtar

Ahmad

et al. 2021

IJERPH

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Face masks are considered an effective intervention in controlling the spread of airborne viruses, as evidenced by the 2009′s H1N1 swine flu and 2003′s severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) outbreaks. However, research aiming to examine public willingness to wear (WTW) face masks in Pakistan are scarce. The current research aims to overcome this research void and contributes by expanding the theoretical mechanism of theory of planned behavior (TPB) to include three novel dimensions (risk perceptions of the pandemic, perceived benefits of face masks, and unavailability of face masks) to comprehensively analyze the factors that motivate people to, or inhibit people from, wearing face masks. The study is based on an inclusive questionnaire survey of a sample of 738 respondents in the provincial capitals of Pakistan, namely, Lahore, Peshawar, Karachi, Gilgit, and Quetta. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is used to analyze the proposed hypotheses. The results show that attitude, social norms, risk perceptions of the pandemic, and perceived benefits of face masks are the major influencing factors that positively affect public WTW face masks, whereas the cost of face masks and unavailability of face masks tend to have opposite effects. The results emphasize the need to enhance risk perceptions by publicizing the deadly effects of COVID-19 on the environment and society, ensure the availability of face masks at an affordable price, and make integrated and coherent efforts to highlight the benefits that face masks offer.

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“…Face masks with higher filtration efficiencies in the fine and ultrafine size ranges would be preferred in this scenario. Also since the aerosol transmission of SARS-CoV-2 virus is likely to take place via respiratory droplets in the 1-4 µm size range, it is important to study the filtration performance of different face coverings over a large size range for their usage in the context of protection against fine PM exposure in addition to reducing COVID transmission (Chia et al, 2020;Pan et al, 2021;Santana et al, 2020).…”

Section: Accepted Manuscriptmentioning

confidence: 99%

Filtration Performance of Layering Masks and Face Coverings and the Reusability of Cotton Masks after Repeated Washing and Drying

Sankhyan

Heinselman

Ciesielski

et al. 2021

Aerosol Air Qual. Res.

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In this study, filtration efficiency of different respirators, face masks, and a 2-ply cotton handkerchief bandana was compared for particles in the size range of 60 nm-4 μm under a "perfect fit" condition. The filtration efficiency at the most penetrating particle size of 0.3 μm on average ranged from 83-99% for N95 and KN95 respirators, 42-88% for surgical masks, 16-23% for cloth masks, and 9% for bandana. We also investigated the effects of using double surgical masks or layering a cloth mask over various surgical masks in terms of their filtration characteristics. In most of these combinations, the filtration efficiency improved by ~25% for particles 0.3-1 μm in diameter without any substantial change in the filter quality factor when compared to the highest of the individual mask results. To investigate the reusability of cotton cloth masks, 2-layer cotton fabric sample coupons were machine washed and dried for 52 cycles leading to an increase in inhalation resistance (~20 Pa) without affecting size-resolved filtration efficiency. Scanning electron microscopy revealed that washing and drying led to the gradual deconstruction of cotton fibers at the scale of several micrometers to hundreds of nanometers in the form of delamination of the fiber wall and fibrillation of the nanofiber constituents. Results indicate that cloth masks may be layered over surgical masks for additional benefits, and that cloth masks made out of cotton fabric can be washed and reused numerous times without a significant loss in filtration efficiency.

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Responding to simultaneous crises: communications and social norms of mask behavior during wildfires and COVID-19

Cited by 22 publications

References 23 publications

A worldwide assessment of changes in adherence to COVID-19 protective behaviours and hypothesized pandemic fatigue

A worldwide assessment of changes in adherence to COVID-19 protective behaviours and hypothesized pandemic fatigue

Assessing Public Willingness to Wear Face Masks during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Fresh Insights from the Theory of Planned Behavior

Filtration Performance of Layering Masks and Face Coverings and the Reusability of Cotton Masks after Repeated Washing and Drying

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