Response Factorial Design Analysis on Papain-Generated Hydrolysates from Actinopyga lecanora for Determination of Antioxidant and Antityrosinase Activities

Abstract

Actinopyga lecanora (A. lecanora) is classified among the edible species of sea cucumber, known to be rich in protein. Its hydrolysates were reported to contain relatively high antioxidant activity. Antioxidants are one of the essential properties in cosmeceutical products especially to alleviate skin aging. In the present study, pH, reaction temperature, reaction time and enzyme/substrate ratio (E/S) have been identified as the parameters in the papain enzymatic hydrolysis of A. lecanora. The degree of hydrolysis (DH) with antioxidant activities of 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays were used as the responses in the optimization. Analysis of variance (ANOVA), normal plot of residuals and 3D contour plots were evaluated to study the effects and interactions between parameters. The best conditions selected from the optimization were at pH 5.00, 70 °C of reaction temperature, 9 h of hydrolysis time and 1.00% enzyme/substrate (E/S) ratio, with the hydrolysates having 51.90% of DH, 42.70% of DPPH activity and 109.90 Fe2+μg/mL of FRAP activity. The A. lecanora hydrolysates (ALH) showed a high amount of hydrophobic amino acids (286.40 mg/g sample) that might be responsible for antioxidant and antityrosinase activities. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) image of ALH shows smooth structures with pores. Antityrosinase activity of ALH exhibited inhibition of 31.50% for L-tyrosine substrate and 25.40% for L-DOPA substrate. This condition suggests that the optimized ALH acquired has the potential to be used as a bioactive ingredient for cosmeceutical applications.

Optimization and production of protein hydrolysate containing antioxidant activity from tuna cooking juice concentrate by response surface methodology

“…Data were linearly distributed, indicating that there were no aberrates in the residual of the results. Therefore, it was concluded that the data had a normal distribution, which was in accordance with the findings of Bahari et al (2020), in which the data plot of the DPPH radical scavenging activity obtained for sea cucumber (Actinopyga lecanora) hydrolysate was normally distributed. Furthermore, the residuals of the results were evenly distributed between positive and negative values, indicating that the data were independent with stable variance (data not shown).…”

Antioxidant Activity of Hybrid Sturgeon (<i>Huso dauricus</i> × <i>Acipenser schrenckii</i>) Protein Hydrolysate Prepared Using Bromelain, Its Fractions and Purified Peptides

“…The hydrophobic amino acids are remarkably responsible for the antioxidant activities of enzymaticallyhydrolyzed protein [Ghanbari et al, 2015]. Among them, leucine, valine, methionine, and alanine as well as aromatic amino acids, such as tyrosine, histidine, and phenylalanine play a key role in peptide activity in the DPPH assay [Bahari et al, 2020]. Analysis of the amino acid profile of BH indicated the presence of these amino acids with significant contents, as shown in Table 1.…”

“…On the other hand, the amino acid profile of BH showed that there were significant contents of histidine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine, which together with high contents of leucine and valine (Table 1), could be related to antioxidant activities of protein hydrolysate of hybrid sturgeon. Bahari et al [2020] reported that the presence of the mentioned amino acids in the peptide sequences enhanced their antiradical activity.…”

Production of Bioactive Peptides from Sea Cucumber and Its Potential Health Benefits: A Comprehensive Review

“…Bahari et al. studied the best conditions for the preparation of antioxidant SCP via response factorial design analysis under various pH conditions, reaction temperatures, reaction time, and enzyme/substrate ratios using papain . They found the best conditions to be pH 5, 70 °C, and 9 h in 1.00% enzyme/substrate ratio.…”