“…These parameters, generally called small-scale parameters, make it possible to investigate the size effect. Researchers working on the analysis of various very small-scale nano- and micro-structures have used these size effect theories, such as doublet mechanics theory [ 29 , 30 , 31 , 32 , 33 ], modified couple stress theory [ 34 , 35 , 36 , 37 , 38 , 39 ], nonlocal elasticity theory [ 1 , 40 , 41 , 42 , 43 , 44 , 45 ], nonlocal strain gradient theory [ 46 , 47 , 48 , 49 ] and strain gradient theory [ 50 , 51 , 52 , 53 ]. Researchers use a variety of techniques to analyze an element or structure, such as a rod, beam, plate, frame, etc., whether at the macro, nano, or micro level.…”