Response of GOLD Retrieved Thermospheric Temperatures to Geomagnetic Activities of Varying Magnitudes

Laskar, F. I.; Eastes, R.; Codrescu, M.; Evans, J. S.; Burns, A. G.; Wang, Wenbin; McClintock, William E.; Aryal, Saurav; Cai, Xuguang

doi:10.1029/2021gl093905

Cited by 21 publications

(35 citation statements)

References 48 publications

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“…These variations of the GOLD T disk during geomagnetic events have been reported and discussed in Laskar, Eastes, et al. (2021). These results suggest that the data assimilation is driving the model temperature in the right direction that is, closer to those observed.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

“…The primary GOLD observations are emission intensities in the far ultraviolet (FUV) range of 134.5–166.5 nm. Data for one full disk scan are available at every 30 min from 6 to 23 UT (Eastes et al., 2019, 2020; Laskar, Eastes, et al., 2021). The current investigation uses level 2 T disk data (version 3), that are retrieved from 2 × 2 binned level‐1C data, which are available in the GOLD web‐page, https://gold.cs.ucf.edu/ as ‘Level 2—TDISK’.…”

Section: Data Models and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

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Improving the Thermosphere Ionosphere in a Whole Atmosphere Model by Assimilating GOLD Disk Temperatures

et al. 2022

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Global‐Scale Observations of Limb and Disk (GOLD) disk measurements of far ultraviolet molecular nitrogen band emissions are used to retrieve column integrated disk temperatures (Tdisk), which are representative of the lower‐and‐middle thermosphere. The present work develops a new approach to assimilate the Tdisk in the whole atmosphere community climate model with thermosphere‐ionosphere eXtension using the data assimilation research testbed ensemble adjustment Kalman filter. Nine days of data, 1–9 November 2018, are assimilated. Analysis state variables such as thermospheric effective temperature (Teff, airglow layer integrated temperature), ratio of atomic oxygen to molecular nitrogen column densities (O/N2), and column electron content are compared with a control simulation that is only constrained up to ∼50 km. It is observed that assimilation of the GOLD Tdisk improves the analysis states when compared with the control simulation. The analysis and model states, particularly, Teff, O/N2, and electron column density (ECD) are compared with their measurement counterparts for a validation of the assimilation. Teff and O/N2 are compared with GOLD Tdisk and O/N2. While, the ECD is compared with ground based total electron content measurements from global navigational satellite system receivers. Root mean square error (RMSE) improvements in Teff and O/N2 are about 10.8% and 22.6%, respectively. The RMSE improvement in analyses ECD is about 10% compared to the control simulation.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 66%

Section: Data Models and Methodologymentioning

confidence: 99%

Improving the Thermosphere Ionosphere in a Whole Atmosphere Model by Assimilating GOLD Disk Temperatures

et al. 2022

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“…Note that storm‐time temperature changes result from the integrated effects of heating and cooling processes over the previous few hours (Fuller‐Rowell et al., 1997; Li et al., 2018; Lasker et al., 2021). These processes include Joule heating at high latitudes, heating and cooling by adiabatic compression and expansion, heat conduction, and advection.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Response of Middle Thermosphere (∼160 km) Composition to the November 20 and 21, 2003 Superstorm

Wang

Ren

et al. 2021

JGR Space Physics

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The response of thermospheric composition to geomagnetic storms has been studied for several decades. The first such study was carried out by Seaton (1956), who proposed that an increase in molecular oxygen (O 2 ) number density might account for the decrease of electron density during a major storm that took place on January 25, 194925, . Jacchia (1959 first presented evidence of thermospheric density increases during storms using the measured changes in satellite orbital elements, which were explained in terms of atmospheric heating during geomagnetically disturbed conditions. Prölss and von Zahn (1974aZahn ( , 1974b and Prölss (1980Prölss ( , 1987Prölss ( , 2011 did further studies on the storm-time perturbations in composition, mainly by using the in situ multi-satellite observations near 300 km (e.g., Dynamics Explorer [DE]-2 and ESRO 4 satellites). Based on these studies, a picture of the main thermospheric compositional perturbations during geomagnetic storms was established: an increase of heavier constituents (molecular nitrogen [N 2 ] and oxygen [O 2 ]), and a height-dependent change of atomic oxygen (O) at high-latitudes and middle-latitudes (decreases at lower heights (<∼300 km) and increases higher up); an increase of all constituents at low latitudes over all heights in the thermosphere. In addition, the basic evolution of these perturbations can be described as follows. When a storm begins, strong temperature enhancements occur at high latitudes due to Joule heating, which lead to upward winds (Burns et al., 1995). The nitrogen-rich air is brought up from lower altitudes into the upper thermosphere. The horizontal pressure gradient from temperature differences, in conjunction with ion drag, drives strong horizontal wind changes within a few hours (Ponthieu et al., 1988;Prölss, 2011). Horizontal winds transport the nitrogen-rich air toward the middle-low latitudes at night (

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“…It is assumed that the tidal amplitudes and phases are time‐invariant during the fitting period. GOLD disk neutral temperature responds episodically to variations in geomagnetic and solar activity (Laskar, Eastes, et al., 2021) while

Σ

O/N 2 responds to even weak geomagnetic activity (Cai et al., 2020). Therefore, we ensure that only days with sufficiently low geomagnetic and solar activity are used in the analysis.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deducing Non‐Migrating Diurnal Tides in the Middle Thermosphere With GOLD Observations of the Earth's far Ultraviolet Dayglow From Geostationary Orbit

et al. 2021

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The temperature and composition of the middle thermosphere change drastically with altitude. The neutral temperature increases sharply with altitude while the density of neutral constituents tends to decrease exponentially according to their respective scale heights (as well as the production and loss mechanisms for certain species). Atomic oxygen and molecular nitrogen are the two main constituents of this region. The vertical column density ratio of these two ( E  O/N 2 ) is a sensitive measure of thermosphere composition. Any upward propagating waves present in the mesosphere/lower thermosphere (MLT) can impact middle thermosphere temperature and composition structures. A subset of thermal atmospheric tides, including some

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Response of GOLD Retrieved Thermospheric Temperatures to Geomagnetic Activities of Varying Magnitudes

Cited by 21 publications

References 48 publications

Improving the Thermosphere Ionosphere in a Whole Atmosphere Model by Assimilating GOLD Disk Temperatures

Improving the Thermosphere Ionosphere in a Whole Atmosphere Model by Assimilating GOLD Disk Temperatures

The Response of Middle Thermosphere (∼160 km) Composition to the November 20 and 21, 2003 Superstorm

Deducing Non‐Migrating Diurnal Tides in the Middle Thermosphere With GOLD Observations of the Earth's far Ultraviolet Dayglow From Geostationary Orbit

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