Response of HPC hardware to neutron radiation at the dawn of exascale

Abstract

Every computation presents a small chance that an unexpected phenomenon ruins or modifies its output. Computers are prone to errors that, although may be very unlikely, are hard, expensive or simply impossible to avoid. In the exascale, with thousands of processors involved in a single computation, those errors are especially harmful because they can corrupt or distort the results, wasting human and material resources. In the present work, we study the effect of ionizing radiation on several pieces of commercial hardware, very common in modern supercomputers. Aiming to reproduce the natural radiation that could arise, CPUs (Xeon, EPYC) and GPUs (A100, V100, T4) are subject to a known flux of neutrons coming from two radioactive sources, namely $$^{252}$$ 252 Cf and $$^{241}$$ 241 Am-Be, in a special irradiation facility. The working hardware is irradiated under supervision to quantify any appearing error. Once the hardware response is characterised, we are able to scale down the radiation intensity and to estimate the effects on standard data centres. This can help administrators and researchers to develop their contingency plans and protocols.

Applications of Low Energy Astroparticle Simulations in HPC and Cloud Infrastructures

“…The effective SE cross-section 𝜎 SE , that is, the number of silent errors expected in a specific piece of hardware exposed to a given neutron flux, has been experimentally determined for several commercially available systems [11]. By combining these types of measurements with the expected flux of neutrons at a certain location, it is possible to create a decision-making tool for the administrators of exascale supercomputers.…”