Response of sponges with autotrophic endosymbionts during the coral-bleaching episode in Puerto Rico

Vicente, Vance P.

doi:10.1007/bf00265011

Cited by 95 publications

(80 citation statements)

References 11 publications

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“…In the largest survey of sponge bleaching to date, Vicente (1990) found that only 3 of 31 common reef sponge species bleached during a coral-reef bleaching event in Puerto Rico, 1987Rico, -1988. To explain why the majority of sponges harboring photosymbionts appear to be unaffected, it was suggested that sponge-cyanobacteria symbioses may be relatively more stable compared to coral-zooxanthellar associations, because the former evolved earlier in geological time (Vicente 1990).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…To explain why the majority of sponges harboring photosymbionts appear to be unaffected, it was suggested that sponge-cyanobacteria symbioses may be relatively more stable compared to coral-zooxanthellar associations, because the former evolved earlier in geological time (Vicente 1990). Moreover, the association between sponges and cyanobacteria has long been held to be ubiquitously mutualistic (Wilkinson 1983).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Peripheral tissues harbor cyanobacteria of the genus Synechococcus that impart a reddish-brown coloration to unbleached individuals (Gó mez et al 2002;Erwin and Thacker 2007). During bleaching, sponges undergo a lightening of this characteristic coloration to the point that they may appear creamy-white or white in patches or spots (Vicente 1990;Cowart et al 2006). Xestospongia muta has been observed to undergo cycles of bleaching and recovery of pigmentation, but more rarely, catastrophic bleaching occurs behind an advancing 'orange band' on the surface of the sponge followed by tissue loss or death (Cowart et al 2006).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Bleaching of the giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta in the Florida Keys

McMurray

Blum

Leichter

et al. 2011

Limnology & Oceanography

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The giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta is now the dominant habitat-forming organism on many Caribbean coral reefs and has been observed to undergo cycles of bleaching similar to those seen for reef-building corals. We examined bleaching of X. muta at 15-m, 20-m, and 30-m depths over 2000-2005 on Conch Reef, Key Largo, Florida, to determine the spatial and temporal patterns of bleaching, whether bleaching affected sponge mortality, and whether there was a relationship between bleaching and seawater temperatures. Bleaching increased significantly with depth and was greater in autumn than spring, but the response was not uniform across the sponge population. Bleaching of X. muta did not result in sponge mortality, corroborating the conclusion that cyanobacterial symbionts of the sponge provide little or no benefit to the host. There was greater sponge bleaching with higher minimum daily seawater temperature anomalies within 30 d of surveys in the spring. For both the spring and autumn, there was greater bleaching with a higher number of positive 0.5uC daily anomalies within 14 d before surveys. Anomalously warm seawater temperatures fail to completely explain the variability of the observed bleaching response, however, and additional work would be required to conclusively determine whether a causal relationship between bleaching and temperature exists. As has been described for corals, bleaching of X. muta is likely a complex response that may be affected by multiple factors, including light availability and differences in bleaching susceptibility among Synechococcus symbionts.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Bleaching of the giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta in the Florida Keys

McMurray

Blum

Leichter

et al. 2011

Limnology & Oceanography

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“…Both Aplysina fistularis and Ircinia felix are known to be mixotrophic sponges, associated with the cyanobacteria Aphanocapsa feldmani (Reiswig 1981, Rutzler 1990, Vicente 1990.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Limits on the bathymetric distribution of keratose sponges:a field test in deep-water

Maldonado¹,

Young²

1998

Mar. Ecol. Prog. Ser.

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The keratose sponges (1.e. those in which the mineral skeleton is replaced by a collagenous skeleton) are generally restricted to shallow-water habitats, but the causes of this distinct bathymetric pattern remain unclear. Sharp pycnoclines at the depth of the upper slope may hinder colonization of deep waters because of thermal stress or reduced light and particulate food below the pycnoclines. It is also possible that oligotrophy and loss of symbiotic cyanobacteria below the pycnocline may lead to a nutritional stress. Using manned submersibles in Exuma Sound, Bahamas, we determined that the pycnocline lies between 70 and 100 m. We transplanted individuals of 2 keratose sponges (Aplysina fistulans and Ircinia felix) from their natural habitat on a shallow reef (4 m deep) to 3 depths (100, 200, 300 rn) within or below the pycnocline to investigate mortality and changes in body size, shape and histology as a function of depth. We also recorded changes in populations of photosynthetic and heterotrophic symbiotic bacteria, as well as the parasitic polychaete Haplosyllis spongicola. By transplanting individuals of A. fistularis bearing buds for asexual propagation (fistules) and individuals of I. felix brooding embryos, we also tested the viability of reproductive propagules in deep-water environments. We found that, although these 2 sponges do not naturally occur at depths below 40 rn, 62.5% of A. fistularis and 42.8% of I. felix survived at 100 m for 12 nlo. No A. fistularis survived at 200 m, whereas 28.5 % of I. felix did. A l l sponges transplanted to 300 m died within 2 mo. Water temperature was the most likely cause of sudden mortality at this depth. There were no significant differences in growth between individuals at the slope and controls on the shallow reef. Cyanobacteria were lost in individuals of I. felix that survived at 100 and 200 rn, and these sponges repositioned oscules and formed chimney-like processes, probably to enhance water flow through the sponge and compensate for nutritional stress. By contrast, cyanobacteria were still abundant in individuals of A. fistularis surviving at a depth of 100 rn, and these sponges did not change shape significantly, apart from the loss of fistules. It appears, therefore, that the loss of cyanobacteria and the increasing oligotrophy with depth do not set the lower bathymetric limits of species. Removal of sponge tissues by the parasitic polychaete H. spongicola also appears not to aggravate significantly the nutritional stress experienced by sponges transplanted to deep water, at least to the extent that it may restrict the bathymetric distribution of the host. Despite the facts that only the species I. felix was heavily parasitized and that parasites survived within hosts at all depths, there was no significant difference in survival with depths between sponge species. A TEM (transmission electron microscope) examination of the mesohyl did not reveal significant cytological differences among sponges transplanted to various depths. At all depths, sur...

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“…In the last few decades, bleaching damage on corals has been reported in many tropical and subtropical waters of the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans; Hawaii (Jokiel and Coles 1974;Coles 1975;Jokiel and Coles 1990), Carribbean Sea (Jaap 1979;Roberts 1987;Williams et al 1987;Cook et al 1990;Gates 1990;Vicente 1990;Knowlton et al 1992;William et al 1993), Panama (Glynn 1983;Glynn 1988; Glynn and D'Croz 1990), Florida (Fitt et al 1993), California (Reyes-Bonilla 1993), Java Sea (Brown and Suharsono 1990;Warwick et al 1990;Hoeksema 1991), and Great Barrier Reef (Harriott 1985). Furthermore, wide scale severe bleaching that resulted in extensive destruction of coral reefs world-wide occurred in 1982-83 and 1986-88 during remarkably strong El Nino-Southern Oscillation (ENSO) events (Brown 1990;Brown 1997).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mass destruction of the hermatypic corals during a bleaching event in Ishigaki Island, southwestern Japan

Fujioka

1999

Journal of the Japanese Coral Reef Society

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Response of sponges with autotrophic endosymbionts during the coral-bleaching episode in Puerto Rico

Cited by 95 publications

References 11 publications

Bleaching of the giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta in the Florida Keys

Bleaching of the giant barrel sponge Xestospongia muta in the Florida Keys

Limits on the bathymetric distribution of keratose sponges:a field test in deep-water

Mass destruction of the hermatypic corals during a bleaching event in Ishigaki Island, southwestern Japan

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