Responses of adults who stutter to the anticipation of stuttering

Abstract

Purpose Many people who stutter experience the phenomenon of anticipation—the sense that stuttering will occur before it is physically and overtly realized. A systematic investigation of how people who stutter respond to anticipation has not been previously reported. The purposes of this study were to provide self-report evidence of what people do in response to anticipation of stuttering and to determine the extent to which this anticipation occurs. Methods Thirty adults who stutter indicated on a Likert rating scale the extent to which they anticipate stuttering and answered three open-ended (written) questions regarding how they respond to anticipation. Results All participants reported experiencing anticipation at least “sometimes,” and 77% of the participants reported experiencing anticipation “often” or “always.” The extent to which participants reported experiencing anticipation was not related to stuttering severity, impact, or treatment history. Analysis of written responses revealed 24 major categories, which were heuristically divided into action or non-action responses. Categories representing avoidance and self-management strategies were further divided into 14 and 19 subcategories, respectively. Participants were just as likely to view anticipation as helpful as they were to view it as harmful. Conclusion Findings demonstrate that most, if not all, adults who stutter experience anticipation, and the majority of adults who stutter report doing so at least often. Adults who stutter respond to this anticipation by altering the speech production process in various ways. Results highlight the importance of the role that anticipation plays in how stuttering behaviors manifest themselves.

A fNIRS Investigation of Speech Planning and Execution in Adults Who Stutter

“…We take our findings to suggest, as Neef et al (2018) speculated, that inhibitory networks, particularly those involved in proactive inhibition (Vanderhasselt, Kühn, & De Raedt, 2013) (Vanderhasselt, Kühn, & De Raedt, 2013) are central to the phenomenon of stuttering anticipation, or one's awareness that she/he will stutter on upcoming sounds, syllables or words if the associated speech plan is executed without alterations (e.g., stalling, circumlocution, word substitution). Anticipation of stuttering is pervasive in AWS, and by definition occurs at the level of speech motor planning prior to execution (Jackson, Yaruss, Quesal, Terranova, & Whalen, 2015). Subsequently, the speaker becomes aware, at least some of the time, that if he continues speaking, he will produce stuttered speech.…”

Uniqueness Point Effects during Speech Planning in Adults Who Do and Do Not Stutter

“…This may be especially true for AWS who, unlike AWNS, may actively and silently “prepare” speech long before overt production in anticipation of speech difficulties. For example, Jackson et al [72] found that all 30 AWS interviewed in their study consciously anticipate stuttered speech prior to its occurrence and, in response, often “scan” speech to avoid certain sounds (87%), or actively “focus on speech” (37%) prior to production. These well-documented preparatory behaviors may make everyday speech for AWS more metalinguistic in nature, and therefore require more active self-monitoring via the perceptual system.…”

Prolongamentos na fala de adultos com e sem gagueira

“…Prolongation is one of the stuttering-like disfluencies described as the main clinical manifestation of the disorder [3][4][5]9,[17][18][19]29,30 . However, fluent people can also show prolongations in the speech flow, especially at the end of words 20,21 .…”