Responses of Lipolexis oregmae (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) to Different Instars of Toxoptera citricida (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Walker, Alison M.; Hoy, Marjorie A.

doi:10.1093/jee/96.6.1685

Cited by 32 publications

(46 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…Per cent parasitism of A. ervi exposed to instars of A. pisum (20 individuals) resulted in second instar hosts producing the highest reproductive returns, with declining returns from younger and older instars (McBrien 1991). Similar patterns have been demonstrated with Lipolexis oregmae and Lysiphlebia mizari using Toxoptera citricida (Tsai & Wang 2002;Walker & Hoy 2003), Monoctonus paulensis using A. pisum (Chau & Mackauer 2001) and A. ervi using Myzus persicae (Colinet et al 2005). Intermediate instars represent a high-quality pool of future resources for koinobiotic parasitoids, because the larva continues to grow and develop with their hosts after parasitization.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

“…In contrast, adult aphids are large enough for parasitoid development; however, the larvae must compete with the host's embryos for resources, and adult aphids are thought to possess greater physiological resistance to parasitism (Walker & Hoy 2003;Colinet et al 2005). This can result in high larval or pupae mortality when parasitoid larvae develop in older aphids (Chau & Mackauer 2001;Walker & Hoy 2003;Colinet et al 2005;Henry et al 2005). For koinobiotic aphid parasitoids (i.e.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Covariance of phenotypically plastic traits induces an adaptive shift in host selection behaviour

2006

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Flexibility in adult body size allows generalist parasitoids to use many host species at a cost of producing a range of adult sizes. Consequently, host selection behaviour must also maintain a level of flexibility as adult size is related to capture efficiency. In the present study, we investigated covariance of two plastic traits-size at pupation and host size selection behaviour-using Aphidius ervi reared on either Acyrthosiphon pisum or Aulacorthum solani, generating females of disparate sizes. Natal host was shown to change the ranking of perceived host quality with relation to host size. Parasitoids preferentially attacked hosts that corresponded to the size of the second instar of their natal host species. This resulted in optimal host selection behaviour when parasitoids were exposed to the same host species from which they emerged. Parasitoid size was positively correlated with host size preference, indicating that females use relative measurements when selecting suitable hosts. These coadapted gene complexes allow generalist parasitoids to effectively use multiple host species over several generations. However, the fixed nature of the behavioural response, within a parasitoid's lifetime, suggests that these traits may have evolved in a patchy host species environment.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 58%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Covariance of phenotypically plastic traits induces an adaptive shift in host selection behaviour

2006

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“…However, the developmental time of this species in A. fabae increases from first instar to adult (Ameri et al, 2012a), suggesting that wasps will have maximal fitness when second-instar nymphs are parasitized. The mechanisms underlying these patterns remain obscure, but likely derive from tradeoffs between a greater ease of overwhelming host defenses in early instars and greater resource availability in later instars of the host (Slansky, 1986;Sequeira & Mackauer, 1992a, b;Walker & Hoy, 2003). Thus, aphids in intermediate stages represent a balance of costs and benefits for parasitoid larvae, and aphidiinae wasps reared from second-instar aphids are typically most fit (Hagvar & Hofsvang, 1986;Kouame & Mackauer, 1991;Chau & Mackauer, 2000;Walker & Hoy, 2003;Xu et al, 2008).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Morphometric indicators for quality assessment in the aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Braconidae: Aphidiinae)

et al. 2013

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Abstract. Body size is a standard criterion of quality control in insect rearing and often assumed to correlate with fitness in parasitoid wasps, but various metrics of body size can be used. The purpose of this study was to determine which morphological feature provides the best correlation with body size and egg load in a thelytokous population of the parasitoid wasp, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Marshall), when reared on Aphis fabae Scopoli under standardized conditions in a growth chamber (21 ± 1°C, 60-70% RH, and 16L : 8D). Candidate metrics included head width, length and width of the pronotum, length and width of the right forewing, and length of the right hind tibia. In the first experiment, correlations were determined between these measurements and overall wasp body length. As head width and hind tibia length emerged as the most suitable proxies for total body length, the next experiment these two variables as proxies for egg load in females reared from different nymphal instars of the host aphid. There was a non-linear relationship between body size and egg load of wasps emerging from hosts parasitized in different nymphal instars. Egg load increased linearly with body size across all host growth stages, but the second nymphal instar was the most suitable stage for parasitism when speed of development was factored in. The results suggest that head width is a suitable morphometric for monitoring quality control in mass-reared cultures of this wasp.

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“…It has generally been assumed that late instar hosts, because they provide more nutrients, are more profitable to parasitoids (reviewed by Godfray 1994). However, larger hosts also tend to defend themselves more efficiently than smaller individuals (Brodeur et al 1996;Walker and Hoy 2003). They can inflict injuries to the parasitoid (Brodeur et al 1996) and impose time costs that decrease their profitability.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Testing competing measures of profitability for mobile resources

Barrette

Brodeur

et al. 2008

Oecologia

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Optimal diet theory often fails to predict a forager's diet choice when prey are mobile. Because they escape or defend themselves, mobile prey are likely to increase the forager's handling time, thereby decreasing its fitness gain rate. Many animals have been shown to select their prey so as to maximize either their fitness gain or their fitness gain rate. However, no study has yet compared directly these two measures of profitability by generating testable predictions about the choice of the forager. Under laboratory conditions, we compared these two measures of profitability, using the aphid parasitoid Aphidius colemani and its host, Myzus persicae. Fitness gain was calculated for parasitoids developing in each host instar by measuring life-history traits such as developmental time, sex ratio and fecundity. Fitness gain rate was estimated by dividing fitness gain by handling time, the time required to subdue the host. Fourth instar aphids provided the best fitness gain to parasitoids, whereas second instar aphids were the most profitable in terms of fitness gain rate. Host choice tests showed that A. colemani females preferred second instar hosts, suggesting that their decision maximizes fitness gain rate over fitness gain. Our results indicate that fitness gain rate is a reliable predictor of animal's choice for foragers exploiting resources that impose additional time cost due to their mobility.

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Responses of Lipolexis oregmae (Hymenoptera: Aphidiidae) to Different Instars of Toxoptera citricida (Homoptera: Aphididae)

Cited by 32 publications

References 40 publications

Covariance of phenotypically plastic traits induces an adaptive shift in host selection behaviour

Covariance of phenotypically plastic traits induces an adaptive shift in host selection behaviour

Morphometric indicators for quality assessment in the aphid parasitoid, Lysiphlebus fabarum (Braconidae: Aphidiinae)

Testing competing measures of profitability for mobile resources

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