Responses of reinforced soil retaining walls subjected to horizontal and vertical seismic loadings

Shaking Table Study on the Seismic Performance of Geogrid Reinforced Soil Retaining Walls

“…In this study, the grain size distribution curve of the backfill is shown in Figure 4, and the backfill is medium sand (D10 � 0.18 mm, D30 � 0.29 mm, D60 � 0.37 mm, Gs � 2.86, Cu � 2.055, and Cc � 1.262), which is classified as poorly graded sand according to the Unified Soil Classification System (USCS). A maximum dry density of 1.99 g/cm 3 and minimum dry density of 1.52 g/ cm 3 were obtained through relative density tests. e dry density was 1.82 g/cm 3 to achieve a relative density of 70%.…”

“…A large number of geosynthetic reinforced soil retaining walls (RSRWs) have been used in highways and industrial, military, commercial, and residential areas owing to their many merits in terms of costs, performance, aesthetics, and durability in recent years [1][2][3]. e excellent seismic performance offered by RSRWs has been demonstrated in active earthquake areas [4][5][6].…”

Strength Analysis of Soil Retaining Wall Using Numerical Method of Manokwari Landfill

“…Retaining walls are a type of civil construction that is built to withstand the active lateral compressive forces of soil and water. Some of the functions of retaining walls are urban construction [2], holding landfills [3][4][5], creating basements [6], and retaining mountainous soils [7].…”

“…Several designs of retaining walls that have been widely used include Gravity Retaining walls [2,[7][8][9][10][11][12], Cantilever Retaining walls [8], Counter fort Retaining walls [3,8,[13][14][15][16][17][18], Reinforced Soil Retaining walls [5,6,8,[19][20][21][22][23][24][25], and anchored bulkhead [8,19]. Along with its development, the retaining wall design has been added according to applications including the Gravity Retaining wall design [4,16,19,[26][27][28] and Counter fort Retaining wall [19,29].…”

“…General rules, retaining walls are distinguished by the material used, the load transfer method, workload, and production technology [19]. In constructing a retaining wall, the most important thing is to know the active ground pressure [2,7,9,10,13], the seismic pressure [3], the passive soil pressure [6,[20][21][22], the active soil pressure [23,26], static and dynamic soil pressure [4], and lateral pressure [5].…”