Responses of the Host Plant Tissues to Gall Induction in <i>Aspidosperma spruceanum</i> Müell. Arg. (Apocynaceae)

Abstract

ABSTRACT

The imbalance of redox homeostasis in arthropod-induced plant galls: Mechanisms of stress generation and dissipation

“…The key step in lignin formation is the conversion of monolignols (p-coumaryl, coniferyl and synapil alcohols) into phenoxy-radicals, a reaction catalyzed by peroxidases [9]. During the transition from the phase of growth and development to maturation, some plant galls, such as the intralaminar leaf galls on A. spruceanum [40,76], the bivalve-shaped galls on L. muehlbergianus [52], the fusiform stem galls on Marcetia taxifolia [34], and the globoid extralaminar galls on Psidium myrtoides [16], accumulate ROS in different cell lineages around the larval chamber. These cells differentiate into the lignified mechanical tissue layer described by Rohfritsch [88], and related to defense against natural enemies [96].…”

The natural history of oviposition on a ginkgophyte fruit from the Middle Jurassic of northeastern China

“…Costs for the host plant include injury resulting in decreased photosynthetic capacity and the production of complex volatile biomolecules to signal the availability of a resource to potential enemies of the ovipositing insect (Dwumfour, ; Childers, ; Moraes et al ., ). Costs to the ovipositing insect include compressive callus tissue that can destroy the oviposited inhabitant, especially at the egg stage, but also the production of various chemical and structural counterdefenses imposed by the plant host (Müller & Rosenberger, ; Formiga et al ., ; Hilker & Meiners, ). The ultimate cost is successful predation of the oviposited insect by a predator or more frequently a parasitoid wasp or fly.…”

“…For those insects that oviposit into plant tissues, there are a variety of life‐history strategies that are used, revealed by an extensive history of research (e.g., Zeh et al ., ). These studies include the deposition of eggs either on or in plant tissues of closely related taxa (Müller & Rosenberger, ; Gültekin, ), the triggering of gall induction at oviposition sites (Formiga et al ., ), and the ovipositor probing of egg‐insertion sites to assess plant‐tissue suitability by agromyzid leaf miners (Sehgal, ; Winkler et al ., ). In addition, insect oviposition frequently activates counterdefenses by the host plant that include chemical defenses such as the generation of plant‐host volatile chemicals as a response from oviposition lesions that attract egg parasitoids (Colazza et al ., ; Moraes et al ., ), and structural defenses such as egg‐crushing wound response tissue from the plant hosts of certain leaf beetles (Desurmont et al ., ).…”

Morphometric analysis of young petiole galls on the narrow-leaf cottonwood, Populus angustifolia, by the sugarbeet root aphid, Pemphigus betae

“…Insect galls are distinguished from other insect-generated shelters (such as rolled leaves or leaf mines) by the active differentiation and growth of plant tissues with features of a novel organ (Mani 1964; Stone and Schönrogge 2003; Shorthouse et al 2005; Giron et al 2015). These structures are thought to provide adaptive advantages to gall feeders of enhanced nutrition and protection of the galling insect against natural enemies and environmental stresses (Mani 1964; Price et al 1987; Hartley and Lawton 1992; Hartley 1998; Nyman and Julkunen-Tiitto 2000; Stone et al 2002; Nakamura et al 2003; Stone and Schönrogge 2003; Allison and Schultz 2005; Motta et al 2005; Ikai and Hijii 2007; Diamond et al 2008; Formiga et al 2009; Compson et al 2011; Formiga and Isaias 2011; Nabity et al 2013). …”