Responses to Natural Scenes in Cat V1

Kayser, Christoph; Salazar, Rodrigo F.; König, Peter

doi:10.1152/jn.00195.2003

Cited by 122 publications

(134 citation statements)

References 45 publications

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“…Indeed, a number of recent studies have shown that, when given appropriate stimuli, neurons that previously showed high response variability can exhibit highly reproducible responses (Mainen and Sejnowski, 1995;Bair and Koch, 1996;de Ruyter van Steveninck et al, 1997;Buracas et al, 1998;DeWeese et al, 2003;Gur and Snodderly, 2006) (but see Kayser et al, 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Movies Evoke Spike Trains with Low Spike Time Variability in Cat Primary Visual Cortex

Herikstad¹,

Baker²,

Lachaux³

et al. 2011

J. Neurosci.

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Neuronal responses in primary visual cortex have been found to be highly variable. This has led to the widespread notion that neuronal responses have to be averaged over large numbers of neurons to obtain suitably invariant responses that can be used to reliably encode or represent external stimuli. However, it is possible that the high variability of neuronal responses may result from the use of simple, artificial stimuli and that the visual cortex may respond differently to dynamic, naturalistic images. To investigate this question, we recorded the responses of primary visual cortical neurons in the anesthetized cat under stimulation with time-varying natural movies. We found that cortical neurons on the whole exhibited a high degree of spike count variability, but a surprisingly low degree of spike time variability. The spike count variability was further reduced when all but the first spike in a burst were removed. We also found that responses exhibiting low spike time variability exhibited low spike count variability, suggesting that rate coding and temporal coding might be more compatible than previously thought. In addition, we found the spike time variability to be significantly lower when stimulated by natural movies as compared with stimulation using drifting gratings. Our results indicate that response variability in primary visual cortex is stimulus dependent and significantly lower than previous measurements have indicated.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural Movies Evoke Spike Trains with Low Spike Time Variability in Cat Primary Visual Cortex

Herikstad¹,

Baker²,

Lachaux³

et al. 2011

J. Neurosci.

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“…It has been hypothesized that synchronization between sets of neurons might be used to indicate that the features represented by the different neurons should be grouped or bound together, thus facilitating segmentation of simultaneously present objects from each other and from the background. The hypothesis is that stimulus-dependent neuronal synchronization (SDS) would be useful, in that particular sets of features might need to be bound together for one object, but not for another object (Kayser et al 2003;Malsburg 1990;Singer 1999;Singer and Gray 1995). We specifically address this hypothesis, and more generally, the relative quantitative contributions of SDS and firing rates to information encoding, by analyzing the responses of inferior temporal cortex neurons, where neurons respond to objects and faces (Desimone et al 1984;Gross et al 1972;Perrett et al 1982Perrett et al , 1992Rolls and Deco 2002;Rolls et al 1994;Tanaka 1996).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Object Perception in Natural Scenes: Encoding by Inferior Temporal Cortex Simultaneously Recorded Neurons

Aggelopoulos¹,

Franco²,

Rolls³

2005

Journal of Neurophysiology

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. The firing of inferior temporal cortex neurons is tuned to objects and faces, and in a complex scene, their receptive fields are reduced to become similar to the size of an object being fixated. These two properties may underlie how objects in scenes are encoded. An alternative hypothesis suggests that visual perception requires the binding of features of the visual target through spike synchrony in a neuronal assembly. To examine possible contributions of firing synchrony of inferior temporal neurons, we made simultaneous recordings of the activity of several neurons while macaques performed a visual discrimination task. The stimuli were presented in either plain or complex backgrounds. The encoding of information of neurons was analyzed using a decoding algorithm. Ninety-four percent to 99% of the total information was available in the firing rate spike counts, and the contribution of spike timing calculated as stimulus-dependent synchronization (SDS) added only 1-6% of information to the total that was independent of the spike counts in the complex background. Similar results were obtained in the plain background. The quantitatively small contribution of spike timing to the overall information available in spike patterns suggests that information encoding about which stimulus was shown by inferior temporal neurons is achieved mainly by rate coding. Furthermore, it was shown that there was little redundancy (6%) between the information provided by the spike counts of the simultaneously recorded neurons, making spike counts an efficient population code with a high encoding capacity.

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“…Magnetoencephalography MEG was used in the same participants to measure stimulus-induced sustained gamma oscillations in response to the presentation of a high-contrast, static, 3 cycle/degree grating patch. Similar low-level visual stimuli have previously been shown to be a strong inducer of gamma oscillations in the primary visual cortex of cats (15,16) and humans (17)(18)(19). In subsequent recording sessions with the same participants, fMRI was used to measure the BOLD response in primary visual cortex to the identical visual stimulus used in the MEG.…”

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confidence: 99%

Resting GABA concentration predicts peak gamma frequency and fMRI amplitude in response to visual stimulation in humans

Muthukumaraswamy

Edden

Jones

et al. 2009

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Functional imaging of the human brain is an increasingly important technique for clinical and cognitive neuroscience research, with functional MRI (fMRI) of the blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response and electroencephalography or magnetoencephalography (MEG) recordings of neural oscillations being 2 of the most popular approaches. However, the neural and physiological mechanisms that generate these responses are only partially understood and sources of interparticipant variability in these measures are rarely investigated. Here, we test the hypothesis that the properties of these neuroimaging metrics are related to individual levels of cortical inhibition by combining magnetic resonance spectroscopy to quantify resting GABA concentration in the visual cortex, MEG to measure stimulus-induced visual gamma oscillations and fMRI to measure the BOLD response to a simple visual grating stimulus. Our results demonstrate that across individuals gamma oscillation frequency is positively correlated with resting GABA concentration in visual cortex (R ‫؍‬ 0.68; P < 0.02), BOLD magnitude is inversely correlated with resting GABA (R ‫؍‬ ؊0.64; P < 0.05) and that gamma oscillation frequency is strongly inversely correlated with the magnitude of the BOLD response (R ‫؍‬ ؊0.88; P < 0.001). Our results are therefore supportive of recent theories suggesting that these functional neuroimaging metrics are dependent on the excitation/inhibition balance in an individual's cortex and have important implications for the interpretation of functional imaging results, particularly when making between-group comparisons in clinical research.functional magnetic resonance imaging ͉ magnetic resonance spectroscopy ͉ magnetoencephalography ͉ oscillations T he high spatial resolution and noninvasive nature of blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional MRI (fMRI) (1) have led to it becoming one of the most popular tools for measuring brain function in human neuroscience. However, fMRI provides only an indirect measure of neural activity by measuring task-related changes in cerebral haemodynamics that are coupled by a complex and only partially understood mechanism to changes in underlying neural activity. Recent evidence suggests that oscillations in the gamma frequency range, loosely defined as approximately 30-100 Hz, are well correlated temporally, spatially, and functionally with haemodynamic changes in cortex, suggesting a close relationship with the BOLD response (2-6). There is also increasing evidence that the most plausible mechanism for the generation of gamma oscillations is a neuronal network containing a mixture of interconnected pyramidal cells and GABAergic inhibitory interneurons (7-10) with the balance of excitation-inhibition setting the peak gamma oscillation frequency of the network (11). Similarly, it has recently been argued that the magnitude of the BOLD response is also sensitive to this excitation-inhibition balance (12, 13).In the current study, we tested the hypothesis that the local level of inhibition in an i...

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Responses to Natural Scenes in Cat V1

Cited by 122 publications

References 45 publications

Natural Movies Evoke Spike Trains with Low Spike Time Variability in Cat Primary Visual Cortex

Natural Movies Evoke Spike Trains with Low Spike Time Variability in Cat Primary Visual Cortex

Object Perception in Natural Scenes: Encoding by Inferior Temporal Cortex Simultaneously Recorded Neurons

Resting GABA concentration predicts peak gamma frequency and fMRI amplitude in response to visual stimulation in humans

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