Restoration of energy metabolism in leukemic mice treated by a siddha drug—Semecarpus anacardium Linn. nut milk extract

Polyphenols as mitochondria-targeted anticancer drugs

“…Treatment of the rats with a polyphenol-rich extract from nut milk of Semecarpus anacardium (closely related to cashew/Anacardium occidentale) reversed those changes. A similar effect was observed in a murine model of an aggressive leukemia, induced by injection of BCR-ABL(+) 12B1 murine leukemia cells to the tail vein of BALB/c mice [16]. Treatment of the mice with an extract obtained from nut milk of S. anacardium cleared the leukemic cells from bone marrow and internal organs, resulting in a total regression of leukemia with no adverse side effects.…”

“…Oral administration of a Semecarpus anacardium nut milk extract to the mammary carcinoma-bearing rats caused a significant increase in the activities of the abovementioned mitochondrial enzymes. In a later study, an extract from S. anacardium nut milk caused a similar effect in leukemia-bearing mice which were characterized by low activities of mitochondrial enzymes when compared with control animals [16]. The authors suggested that the restoration of the TCA cycle enzymes observed in the study could be attributed to polyphenols (and possibly other compounds) present in the tested extract.…”

“…AT-101, an orally bioavailable solvate of [20] ABT-737 and ABT-263 (gossypol served as a lead compound) [2] III. Thiol redox inhibitors Curcumin [26,34,35] Myricetin, quercetin, catechin, pelargonidin, and taxifolin [27] Hydroxychalcone, dihydroxychalcones, chrysin, and apigenin [44] Kaempferol [28] A green tea extract [42] (−)-Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) [30,31] EGCG, ECG, catechin, epicatechin, and propyl gallate [32] Theaflavin-3-gallate and theaflavin-3′-gallate [43] A mixture of theaflavin (TF), TF-3-monogallate, TF-3′-monogallate, and TF-3,3′-digallate [33] Hydroxyl-substituted chalcone and chalcone analogs [45] Sigmoidin A and eriodictyol [46] A derivative of xanthohumol [ [64] A polyphenol-rich extract from Semecarpus anacardium nut milk [16] 2-Phenyl-4H-1-benzo-pyran-4-one (a flavone) [60] NV-128 (a derivative of genistein) [54] Hydroxyl-substituted chalcones and cyclic chalcone analogues [45] Dimethoxycurcumin [8] (−)-gossypol (a polyphenolic BH3-mimetic) and acetic acid, proved to be a safe enhancement of the efficacy of the conventional therapy in a murine model of drug-resistant B-cell lymphoma [20]. In the ClinicalTrials.gov database (https://clinicaltrials.gov, website accessed on April 29, 2015), 24 clinical studies are registered for AT-101, including a phase III trial on non-small cell lung cancer.…”

“…A synthetic isoflavone NV-128 suppressed tumor growth in an ovarian cancer xenograft model in mice by interfering with the mitochondrial electron redox chain [54]. Treatment of mammary carcinoma-bearing rats [15] and leukemia-bearing mice [16] with a Semecarpus anacardium nut milk extract restored the activities of the TCA cycle enzymes. A significant reduction in the multiplicity of chemically induced colonic aberrant crypt foci and stimulation of the expression of several TCA cycle enzymes were observed upon administration of a flavone to mice [73].…”

Semecarpus anacardium Linn.: A review

“…Semecarpus anacardium administration to leukemic animals resulted in clearance of the leukemic cells from the bone marrow and internal organs. [40]…”