Restoration of morphine-induced alterations in rat submandibular gland function by N-methyl-D-aspartate agonist

Abstract

The effects of morphine, 1-aminocyclobutane-cis-1,3-dicarboxylic (ACBD; NMDA agonist) and 3-((R)2-carboxypiperazin-4-yl)-propyl-l-phosphoric acid (CPP; NMDA antagonist) and their concurrent therapy on rat submandibular secretory function were studied. Pure submandibular saliva was collected intraorally by micro polyethylene cannula from anaesthetized rats using pilocarpine as secretagogue. Intraperitoneal injection of morphine (6 mg/kg) induced significant inhibition of salivary flow rate, total protein, calcium, and TGF-beta1 concentrations. Administration of ACBD (10 mg/kg) and CPP (10 mg/kg) alone did not influence secretion of submandibular glands. In combination therapy, coadministration of CPP with morphine did not influence morphine-induced changes in salivary function while ABCD could restore all morphine-induced changes. In combination treatment, ACBD prevented morphine-induced reduction of flow rate, total protein, calcium, and TGF-beta1 and reached control levels. It is concluded that morphine-induced alterations in submandibular gland function are mediated through NMDA receptors.

Profiling the oral microbiomes in patients with Alzheimer's disease

“…One type aimed to treat AD, such as acetylcholine receptor inhibitors and N ‐methyl‐ d ‐aspartic acid receptor antagonists; the other type was selected to treat manic disorder, insomnia and other mental problems, such as symptomatic therapy dopamine receptor blockers, 5‐HT receptor blockers, and GABA receptor agonists. These drugs could induce xerostomia with oligoptyalism (Hashemi et al, 2006; Yamamura & Nonaka, 2019), which might affect the oral microbiomes. Regarding the side effects, patients spent more than 5 min to dribble 2.0 ml of saliva, and it was difficult for them to cooperate, explaining why we selected stimulated saliva instead of unstimulated saliva.…”

Novel Evaluation of Submandibular Salivary Gland Tissue for Use as an Alternative Postmortem Toxicology Specimen

“…Animal studies have used salivary gland as models to conduct research where drugs were used; however, these studies were typically physiologically based with little to no focus on drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. [13][14][15] In a study of rats acutely treated with morphine, morphine was found in several internal organs, including the submandibular salivary gland. 16 The facial and lingual arteries branch from the external carotid artery and supply blood to facial skin, facial muscles, submandibular salivary gland, and various tissue in the oral cavity.…”

“…Given its anatomical location, ease of excision, and the amount of tissue typically available, the submandibular salivary gland was a convenient solid tissue to evaluate. Animal studies have used salivary gland as models to conduct research where drugs were used; however, these studies were typically physiologically based with little to no focus on drug pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics 13–15 . In a study of rats acutely treated with morphine, morphine was found in several internal organs, including the submandibular salivary gland 16…”

Restoration of Cyclo-Gly-Pro-induced salivary hyposecretion and submandibular composition by naloxone in mice

“…It was demonstrated that morphine increase lactate levels in serum, however its effects on salivary lactate concentration are unknown [13]. In humans and rats, the morphine administration was correlated to hyposalivation, and associated with changes in the ionic composition [14][15]. Bearing in mind that amylase is the most abundant protein in saliva [16], salivary amylase concentration decreased after morphine treatment [17].…”