Results of carbon ion radiotherapy in 152 patients

Primary radicals production from water fragmentation by heavy ions

“…In the latter, the clinical aim of maximizing damage in the tumor sites while minimizing damages to healthy surrounding tissue has lead to the use of protons and, more recently, carbon ions to provide high spatial-specifi c damage profi les [13][14][15][16][17][18]. In radiation or particle therapy there is a possibility that the particle interacts directly with critical components of the cell or with water.…”

“…As these radicals are extremely reactive, the diffusion length must be within about 20Å from the target. Recently, good effective radiotoxic responses from C-ion tumor therapy was reported [14][15][16][17][18]. The high ionization densities within the Bragg peak make normal DNA enzymatic repair diffi cult in contrast to low LET (Linear Energy Transfer) electron, proton and photon irradiation [13].…”

Geant4 Simulation Study of Dose Distribution and Energy Straggling for Proton and Carbon Ion Beams in Water

“…Firstly, the beam goes through a beam line which includes range shifters, collimators, etc. Then the primary kinematics consists of a single proton or 12 C 6+ particle which hits in a (40 mm) 3 water cube perpendicularly. The incident energy for proton is 34 MeV, 62 MeV, and for carbon ion is 62 MeV/u, 113.5 MeV/u respectively.…”

“…Until now proton and ion beams of intermediate energies have become widely used for cancer treatment [3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10]. Many proton therapy facilities and several carbon ion therapy facilities are constructed or are being constructed [11,12]. However, carbon ions may have a small amount nuclear fragmentation with medium [13][14][15].…”

CLUSTER: A high-frequency H-mode coupled cavity linac for low and medium energies

“…Indeed, carbon ion therapy targets successfully radio resistant tumours, i.e. the slowly growing tumours that are insensitive to both X-rays and protons [3,4,5].…”