Results of the evaluation and preliminary validation of a primary LNG mass flow standard

Beek, Mijndert van der; Lucas, Peter; Kerkhof, O.; Mirzaei, Maria; Blom, G.

doi:10.1088/0026-1394/51/5/539

Cited by 10 publications

(2 citation statements)

References 2 publications

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“…At the moment, there are only few facilities able to operate at cryogenic temperatures and, mainly, using liquid nitrogen [2][3]. Probably soon, there will be the possibility to operate with LNG and the situation will improve but, even in this case, the calibration procedure will request to stop the line at the production site, to dismount and to deliver flowmeters, periodically.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a new transfer standard for speed of sound measurements in liquids at cryogenic temperatures

2021

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Measurement of fluids flows represents an unparalleled tools for the account of the transferred mass, heat and energy; however, considering the wide ranges of transported fluids flow-rates, temperatures, pressures, viscosity and densities, high accurate calibrations of ultrasonic flowmeters remain demanded.As an alternative to the usual gravimetric calibration, there is a less explored possibility to provide the traceability of the measurement through the speed of sound.In this work an ultrasonic sensor, which operates on the basis of the double pulse-echo technique is presented. This sensor is capable to provide measurements of speed of sound, fully traceable to units of length and time. Moreover, it has been optimized to operate when set both into a laboratory thermostat and into industrial plants using spools like DN50, or larger, in order to be adopted as a transfer standard for flow rate measurements. The concept behind this idea is the possibility of characterising the ultrasonic cell, namely the velocity meter, in a controlled temperature and pressure conditions in a laboratory environment. Thereafter, it is possible to connect the sensor directly to the natural gas distribution lines, nearby the industrial ultrasonic flow meters, normally used to monitor the LNG flow. This procedure would bring the significant benefit of enabling industrial flowmeters to be calibrated without the need for prior knowledge of the composition of the fluid under test, as well as avoiding the shutdown or removal of flowmeters during their calibration.The sensor has been tested and characterized performing measurements in liquid methane in the temperature range of (100 and 162) K and for pressure up to 10 MPa. The expanded relative uncertainty of the obtained speed of sound, w is U r (w) = 0.15 % (k = 2) for temperature below 130 K and U r (w) = 0.32 % (k = 2) for temperature above 130 K. The obtained values are in agreement with those available in the scientific literature and with the predictions of the Seitzmann and Wagner and GERG equation of state.Along with experimental speed of sound measurements, a deep insight of the procedures adopted to improve the stability of the sensor, the specific corrections applied considering the cryogenic working conditions and a complete analysis of the uncertainty affecting the obtained results is also discussed.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Towards a new transfer standard for speed of sound measurements in liquids at cryogenic temperatures

2021

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“…Finally, there are challenges that are inherent for all CFMs, including environment temperature, zero shift, and external vibration influence. The complex of these challenges leads to the lower CFM accuracy for cryogenic fluids than for water, which was reported in [3]. While new CFM configurations may be developed to address these challenges, the calibration of them is required.…”

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confidence: 99%

The Numerical Recalibration Procedure of Water Calibrated CFM for Cryogenic Fluids Application.

Shavrina¹,

Cheong²,

Tan³

2022

International Conference on Fluid Flow, Heat and Mass Transfer

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Nowadays, cryogenic fluids are employed in many fields, including health care, aerospace, and maritime industries. As commonly known, these fluids are most often applied as refrigerants. For example, liquid nitrogen (LN) is used for the thermal insulation of high-temperature superconducting transformers [1]. Aside from cooling, the application of cryogenic fluids as fuels and oxidizers provides a unique economic advantage due to their high energy densities. Moreover, such cryogenic fuels as liquefied natural gas (LNG) offer a solution to the problem of growing emissions [2]. Therefore, accurate measurement of cryogenic fluids is a vital component for sustainable development today.Coriolis flowmeter (CFM) is one of the most promising tools for measuring fluids of this type. This is explained by its high accuracy, non-obstructive nature and potential suitability for multiphase metering. Due to the features of cryogenic fluids, however, multiple challenges present themselves. First of all, the non-linearity of CFM material properties is observed for low temperatures. Secondly, the composition of cryogenic fluids may vary due to the origin or the different boiling rates of components. Finally, there are challenges that are inherent for all CFMs, including environment temperature, zero shift, and external vibration influence. The complex of these challenges leads to the lower CFM accuracy for cryogenic fluids than for water, which was reported in [3]. While new CFM configurations may be developed to address these challenges, the calibration of them is required. However, currently, the calibration process is restricted significantly by cost and size limitations of experimental facilities. Therefore, a numerical calibration procedure was developed as an alternative.The presented numerical calibration includes modal and fluid-solid interaction (FSI) simulations. To ensure the reliability of simulations, space and time discretization independence studies were conducted. Additionally, modal analysis was validated by experimental data. It was demonstrated that the accuracy of calculations is acceptable and may be improved by avoiding the material properties assumption. The developed numerical calibration procedure was applied for LNG and LN metering by CFM, what may decrease the costs of experimental calibration and increase the meter application range.Finally, the suitability of developed calibration was demonstrated for the CFM's challenges study. For instance, the measurement error, which is caused by the difference of natural frequencies of empty and filled tubes, was studied. It was concluded that this error is less significant for cryogenic fluids than for water, due to its higher density. Also, the zero shift of CFM, associated with low measurement accuracy [4], was investigated. Results of FSI analysis showed that it is caused by secondary circulation and is higher for cryogenic fluids than for water. This significant increase may be one of the main reasons for the low accuracy of LNG metering. However, the develope...

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LNG density measurement by gravimetric method

Zhu,

Zhou,

et al. 2024

Cryogenics

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Results of the evaluation and preliminary validation of a primary LNG mass flow standard

Cited by 10 publications

References 2 publications

Towards a new transfer standard for speed of sound measurements in liquids at cryogenic temperatures

Towards a new transfer standard for speed of sound measurements in liquids at cryogenic temperatures

The Numerical Recalibration Procedure of Water Calibrated CFM for Cryogenic Fluids Application.

LNG density measurement by gravimetric method

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