Retained fetal membranes in cows: Manual removal versus nonremoval and its effect on reproductive performance

Bolinder, A.; Seguin, B.E.; Kindahl, H.; Bouley, Donna M.; Otterby, D.E.

doi:10.1016/0093-691x(88)90262-2

Cited by 50 publications

(38 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Manual removal can result in more frequent and severe uterine infections, when compared with more conservative treatment. 64 Bolinder et al 64 found that manual removal prolonged the interval from calving to 1st functioning CL by 20 days. Additionally, intrauterine pathogenic bacteria were found in 100% of cows with manually removed RFM versus 37% of untreated cows at 3 weeks postpartum, and further 37% of treated versus 12% of untreated cows at 5 weeks postpartum.…”

Section: Treatment and Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiology and Treatment of Retained Fetal Membranes in Cattle

Beagley

Whitman

Baptiste

et al. 2010

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

133

106

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Retained fetal membranes (RFM) in cattle have adverse effects on fertility and production. Understanding the pathophysiology and causes of RFM is important for managing this disease. The hormonal processes that lead to normal placental separation are multifactorial and begin before parturition. A variety of risk factors, including early or induced parturition, dystocia, hormonal imbalances, and immunosuppression, can interrupt these normal processes and result in retention of the placenta. Current research does not support the efficacy of many commonly practiced treatments for RFM. Systemic administration of antibiotics can be beneficial for treating metritis after RFM, but antibiotic administration has not been shown to significantly improve future reproduction in cows with RFM. Collagenase injected into the umbilical arteries of retained placentas specifically targets the lack of placentome proteolysis and might enhance placental release. However, such therapy is costly and its benefits in terms of improving subsequent reproductive function have not been evaluated. 6,7 RFM have been associated with increased risk for endometritis, metritis, ketosis, and mastitis. [9][10][11][12] These diseases can in turn lead to decreased fertility 13 and potential losses in milk production. 14 In a meta-analysis of studies analyzing the effects of disease on reproduction, RFM were associated with 2 to 3 more days to 1st service and 4 to 10% lower conception rates at 1st service, resulting in an average of 6 to 12 additional days to conception in cows with RFM versus cows without RFM.3 However, only 5 of the 13 included studies found decreased milk production associated with RFM.15 It should be noted that a variety of factors, including case definitions, other associated diseases, and culling risk, complicate the interpretation of impact of RFM on both reproduction and milk production.Knowledge of the placental anatomy and physiology is helpful to understand causes of RFM and formulate treatment plans accordingly. The following review focuses on the normal placental detachment, causes and risk factors for RFM, and therapeutic options. Physiology of Placental DetachmentCattle have cotyledonary placentas, wherein the fetal cotyledons are attached and envelop the maternal caruncles, forming the placentome. This connection is facilitated by villi from the cotyledons, and microvilli interactions at the cotyledon-caruncle interface. Collagen links the interface together at several sites, and the breakdown of this collagen is likely a key factor in placental separation. 16The normal sequence of events initiating parturition involves fetal cortisol induction of placental enzymes that direct steroid synthesis away from progesterone and toward estrogen. 17 Increased estrogen results both in the upregulation of oxytocin receptors on the myometrium and secretion of prostaglandin F2 alpha (PGF2a).18 Prostaglandin initiates myometrial contractions and results in lysis of the corpus luteum (CL). 19Lysis of the CL leads to secretion of relax...

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Section: Treatment and Preventionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Physiology and Treatment of Retained Fetal Membranes in Cattle

Beagley

Whitman

Baptiste

et al. 2010

Journal of Veterinary Internal Medicine

133

106

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“…However, it is not clear whether or not the pathological changes caused by experimentally induced pyometra mimicked these spontaneously occurring pyometra ( Davidson et al 1995). In most pyometra cases secondary to retained placenta and a postpartum metritis the indication is usually characterized by a vaginal discharge of pus and a failure of oestrus following parturition ( Bolinder et al 1988). The most commonly observed CLP occurs following breeding and conception, when 10–90 days later the embryo or foetus dies, is macerated, and absorbed or expelled, and the cow previously thought to be or diagnosed as pregnant comes back into oestrus or is examined and found not pregnant and is treated.…”

Section: Clinical Forms Of Anoestrusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Anoestrus in Dairy Cows: Causes, Prevalence and Clinical Forms

Mwaanga¹,

Janowski²

2000

Reprod Domestic Animals

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Contents This article reviews some of the recent advances in veterinary research regarding the causes, prevalence and clinical forms of pathological anoestrus in dairy cows. It is one of the few components responsible for occurrence of postpartum infertility in cattle, expressed in four clinical forms: silent heat, cystic ovarian disease, ovarian afunction and corpus luteum pseudograviditatis. The prevalence of these four forms in different herds is dependent on the managerial, environmental and nutritional status of the farm. Anything, regardless of its nature, that impedes the physiological mechanism involved in oestrus expression is liable to cause anoestrus. Nutrition (energy deficiency), interacted with other factors, is the major cause of this phenomenon (anoestrus). It has direct control of the postpartum anoestrus by negatively affecting the endocrine pathways responsible for proper functioning of the reproductive system through the blockage of pulsatile release of gonadotropin‐releasing hormone in the hypothalamus. Lack of proper training by the stockman substantially contributes to silent heat occurrence. Numerous attempts have been made to prevent or treat pathological anoestrus with exogenous hormones, or nonhormonal remedies like uterine palpation and infusion of Lugol's solution, all of which have produced variable but positive results. Specific treatment for each one of the four clinical forms is briefly outlined.

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“…Some authors concluded that early oxytetracycline treatment of retained fetal membranes in the cow did not shorten the uterine involution or uterine infection but it did slow down the detachment process of the retained placenta (Konigsson et al, 2001). It is probably caused by small lesions of the uterus during manual extraction (Bolinder et al, 1988). Dobranic et al (2006) decribed the negative connection between retained placenta with conception rate, duration of days open and intercalving interval.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Traditionally, it is treated by manual extraction combined with intrauterine dry therapy using foaming antibiotic tablets (Tomaskovic et al, 2007). It is recommended to leave the placenta to separate alone from the uterus wall and gently remove it approximatly 10 days after parturition (Bolinder et al, 1988). (Bolinder et al, 1988).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of different therapy approaches: With or without manual extraction - of retained placenta on reproductive performance in Simmental cows

Djuricic¹,

Vince²,

Grizelj³

et al. 2011

Acta vet. (Beogr.)

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The aim of the research was to determine the influence of different methods used in the therapy of retained placenta on conception rate and duration of days open in cows. Research was performed on 241 Simmental cows aged 2-8 years divided in three groups. The first group of cows (group A) (n=82) with retained placenta was treated with manual extraction of placenta 12-24 h after parturition combined with application of intrauterine antibiotics. The second group (group B) (n=79) with retained placenta was treated with intrauterine antibiotics only 12-24 h after parturition and repeated 2-3 times in 48 h intervals. The third group (group C) (n=80) was the control group and had physiological puerperium (without retained placenta). To assess the reproductive performance of Simmental cows, interval from calving to first insemination (days open to first service, DOFS), interval from calving to pregnancy (days open to pregnancy, DOP), relative pregnancy rate (%), first service conception rate (FSCR, %) and all service conception rate (ASCR, %) were measured. The estimate of hazard ratio for DOFS in group A relative to cows in group B was 2.20 (p<0.0001), implying that cows in group B had oestrus earlier and were open shorter until the first insemination, that is, the relative rate of first service decreased by 54.5% in the group A while holding all other variables constant. The variable that had a significant influence on DOFS was lactation (HR=0.99; p<0.0001). The estimate of hazard ratio for DOP in group A relative to cows in group B and C was 3.53 (p<0.0001) and 1.73 (p<0.0001), respectively, implying that cows in group B and C were open longer until pregnancy, that is, the relative rate of pregnancy in group A decreased by 71.6% and 42.2% in comparison with group B and C while holding all other variables constant. Variables that had a significant influence on DOP were lactation (HR=0.99; p<0.0001) and peripartal diseases (HR=0.48; p=0.02). The estimate of hazard ratio for DOFS and DOP between group B and C was not significant. Cows treated with intrauterine foaming tablets after RFM became pregnant earlier and had a better conception rate in contrast to cows treated with manual extraction of placentae

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Retained fetal membranes in cows: Manual removal versus nonremoval and its effect on reproductive performance

Cited by 50 publications

References 14 publications

Physiology and Treatment of Retained Fetal Membranes in Cattle

Physiology and Treatment of Retained Fetal Membranes in Cattle

Anoestrus in Dairy Cows: Causes, Prevalence and Clinical Forms

Influence of different therapy approaches: With or without manual extraction - of retained placenta on reproductive performance in Simmental cows

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