Retention of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus in<i>Stomoxys</i>Spp (<i>Stomoxys Calsitrans, Stomoxys Sitiens, Stomoxys Indica</i>) following intrathoracic inoculation, Diptera: Muscidae

Issimov, Arman; Kutumbetov, Lespek; Zhanabayev, Assylbek; Kazhgaliyev, Nurlybay; Nurgaliyev, Birzhan; Zhubantayev, Izimgali; Akhmetaliyeva, Aliya; Shalmenov, Malik; Abzal, Kereyev; White, Peter

doi:10.1101/2020.08.13.249227

Cited by 7 publications

References 21 publications

(19 reference statements)

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Primary bovine white blood cells support dissemination of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus while suppressing viral replication

Kumar,

Frid,

Sol

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a severe infectious, emerging transboundary disease of cattle, caused by a Pox family DNA virus. Lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV) infection is associated with a febrile response followed by emergence of widespread dermal nodules. In addition to the skin, LSDV resides in multiple internal organs and can be isolated from the blood of infected cattle. LSDV is suggested to be mechanically transmitted by biting arthropods. Live attenuated vaccines are commonly used to control disease and its spread. We have characterized the tropism, replication, and dissemination of a LSDV field isolate and of an attenuated vaccine strain usingin vitrosystems. To follow virus infection and dissemination in living cells, we have generated recombinant viruses expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) under a synthetic viral promoter. Recombinant, GFP-expressing, LSDVs demonstrated similar replication kinetics to their corresponding parental LSDV strains in a bovine kidney cell line (MDBK). We further demonstrated that LSDV-GFP productively replicated in a bovine macrophage cell line and in primary bovine foreskin cells with no apparent differences between the field isolate and the vaccine strain. When bovine peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) were infected with either LSDV recombinant strain, we observed specific viral driven GFP fluorescence as well as significant viral gene expression. However, infected PBMCs failed to support substantial viral DNA replication and release of infectious progeny. Subsequent analysis of the anti-viral response revealed that heat treated (HT) LSDV induced the expression of interferon- stimulated genes (ISGs) in PBMCs, but this response was suppressed by infectious viruses. Finally, we show that despite failed replication, LSDV infected PBMCs transmitted the virus to recipient co-cultured MDBK cells and produced infectious foci, suggesting a potential role of PBMCs in LSDV dissemination.HighlightsVirulent and attenuated LSDV productively replicated in bovine kidney and bovine macrophage cell lines as well as in primary fibroblasts.Adherent white blood cells were susceptible to LSDV field and attenuated vaccine infection.LSDV showed active viral transcription in PBMCs yet no significant viral genome replication or production of infectious progeny.PBMCs infected with heat-treated LSDV but not with fully infectious viruses upregulated ISGs’ RNA.PBMCs transmitted and disseminated LSDV to contacting permissive cells.

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Primary bovine white blood cells support dissemination of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus while suppressing viral replication

Kumar,

Frid,

Sol

et al. 2024

Preprint

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Assessment of the control measures for category A diseases of Animal Health Law: Lumpy Skin Disease

Nielsen¹,

Álvarez²,

Bicout³

et al. 2022

EFS2

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EFSA received a mandate from the EC to assess the effectiveness of some of the control measures against diseases included in the Category A list according to Regulation (EU) 2016/429 on transmissible animal diseases (‘Animal Health Law’). This opinion belongs to a series of opinions where these control measures are assessed, with this opinion covering the assessment of control measures for Lumpy Skin Disease (LSD). In this opinion, EFSA and the AHAW Panel of experts review the effectiveness of: i) clinical and laboratory sampling procedures, ii) monitoring period and iii) the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zones, and the minimum length of time that measures should be applied in these zones. The general methodology used for this series of opinions has been published elsewhere; nonetheless, the transmission kernels used for the assessment of the minimum radius of the protection and surveillance zones are shown. Several scenarios for which these control measures had to be assessed were designed and agreed prior to the start of the assessment. The monitoring period was assessed as effective, and based on the transmission kernels available, it was concluded that the protection zone of 20 km radius and the surveillance zone of 50 km radius would comprise > 99% of the transmission from an affected establishment if transmission occurred. Recommendations provided for each of the assessed scenarios aim to support the European Commission in the drafting of further pieces of legislation, as well as for plausible ad hoc requests in relation to LSD.

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Detection of Clinical and Subclinical Lumpy Skin Disease Using Ear Notch Testing and Skin Biopsies

et al. 2021

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Lumpy skin disease (LSD) diagnosis is primarily based on clinical surveillance complemented by PCR of lesion crusts or nodule biopsies. Since LSD can be subclinical, the sensitivity of clinical surveillance could be lower than expected. Furthermore, real-time PCR for the detection of LSD viral DNA in blood samples from subclinical animals is only intermittently positive. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate an acceptable, easily applicable and more sensitive testing method for the detection of clinical and subclinical LSD. An animal experiment was conducted to investigate ear notches and biopsies from unaffected skin taken from the neck and dorsal back as alternatives to blood samples. It was concluded that for early LSD confirmation, normal skin biopsies and ear notches are less fit for purpose, as LSDV DNA is only detectable in these samples several days after it is detectable in blood samples. On the other hand, blood samples are less advisable for the detection of subclinical animals, while ear notches and biopsies were positive for LSD viral DNA in all subclinically infected animals by 16 days post infection. In conclusion, ear notches could be used for surveillance to detect subclinical animals after removing the clinical animals from a herd, to regain trade by substantiating the freedom of disease or to support research on LSDV transmission from subclinical animals.

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Retention of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus inStomoxysSpp (Stomoxys Calsitrans, Stomoxys Sitiens, Stomoxys Indica) following intrathoracic inoculation, Diptera: Muscidae

Cited by 7 publications

References 21 publications

Primary bovine white blood cells support dissemination of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus while suppressing viral replication

Primary bovine white blood cells support dissemination of Lumpy Skin Disease Virus while suppressing viral replication

Assessment of the control measures for category A diseases of Animal Health Law: Lumpy Skin Disease

Detection of Clinical and Subclinical Lumpy Skin Disease Using Ear Notch Testing and Skin Biopsies

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