“…Their objective is to enhance the generalization of a model trained on a training set (source domain) to a test set (target domain), where these two domains exhibit some degree of relevance but follow different distributions (Zhang, 2019;Jiang et al, 2022b). Recently, domain adaptation techniques have found extensive applications in computer vision tasks such as image classification (Liu et al, 2021a;Wang et al, 2022;2023b), semantic segmentation (Cheng et al, 2021;Wang et al, 2023c), and object detection (Chen et al, 2018;Saito et al, 2019;Zhu et al, 2019;Jiang et al, 2022a), delivering outstanding performance.…”