Retinal responses in squid and octopus

Lange, G. David; Hartline, Peter H.

doi:10.1007/bf00608757

Cited by 33 publications

(10 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…Basic body muscle tone and posture, 'sticky' suckers, tactile and visual reflexes are all retained throughout, although visual awareness may be somewhat dulled. Also typical is a hypersensitive response to tactile stimuli, even from a very gentle knock on the laboratory bench; there are frequent rapid colour changes between pale and dark; spontaneous deimatic displays; flashing of chromatophores on the body and on the base of the arms (not usually seen on the arms themselves); exaggerated raising of papillae, especially around the eyes and sometimes on the dorsal Estefanell et al, 2011;García-Franco, 1992;Ikeda et al, 2009;Lange and Hartline, 1974;Miyan and Messenger, 1995;Mooney et al, 2010;Patterson and Silver, 1983;Shomrat et al, 2011;Silver et al, 1983;present study); (successful, but inking often seen: Andrews and Tansey, 1981;Froesch and Marthy, 1975 mantle; sporadic jerking movements (sometimes including sudden rotations of up to 20°), sudden widening of pupils, convulsions, defaecation and copious inking. On some occasions, the mantle takes on a strange, abnormal lageniform appearance, where the posterior 20-25% of the mantle remains unusually constricted while the main part of the mantle musculature continues the typical cycle of expanding and contracting movements associated with irrigation of the gills during breathing.…”

Section: Unwanted Responses To Anaesthetics: Tarp -Typical Adverse Rementioning

confidence: 98%

The effects of prospective anaesthetic substances on cephalopods: Summary of original data and a brief review of studies over the last two decades

Gleadall

2013

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

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Section: Unwanted Responses To Anaesthetics: Tarp -Typical Adverse Rementioning

confidence: 98%

The effects of prospective anaesthetic substances on cephalopods: Summary of original data and a brief review of studies over the last two decades

Gleadall

2013

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology

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“…There is limited specific knowledge on wavelength perception for almost all cephalopod species. 97 However, it is estimated that simulated sun-light equivalent to that normally experienced at 3–8 m depth at sea should be acceptable for the majority of cephalopod species commonly used as laboratory animals (but see further information in Appendix 2).…”

Section: Environment and Its Controlmentioning

confidence: 99%

Guidelines for the Care and Welfare of Cephalopods in Research –A consensus based on an initiative by CephRes, FELASA and the Boyd Group

et al. 2015

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This paper is the result of an international initiative and is a first attempt to develop guidelines for the care and welfare of cephalopods (i.e. nautilus, cuttlefish, squid and octopus) following the inclusion of this Class of ∼700 known living invertebrate species in Directive 2010/63/EU. It aims to provide information for investigators, animal care committees, facility managers and animal care staff which will assist in improving both the care given to cephalopods, and the manner in which experimental procedures are carried out. Topics covered include: implications of the Directive for cephalopod research; project application requirements and the authorisation process; the application of the 3Rs principles; the need for harm-benefit assessment and severity classification. Guidelines and species-specific requirements are provided on: i. supply, capture and transport; ii. environmental characteristics and design of facilities (e.g. water quality control, lighting requirements, vibration/noise sensitivity); iii. accommodation and care (including tank design), animal handling, feeding and environmental enrichment; iv. assessment of health and welfare (e.g. monitoring biomarkers, physical and behavioural signs); v. approaches to severity assessment; vi. disease (causes, prevention and treatment); vii. scientific procedures, general anaesthesia and analgesia, methods of humane killing and confirmation of death. Sections covering risk assessment for operators and education and training requirements for carers, researchers and veterinarians are also included. Detailed aspects of care and welfare requirements for the main laboratory species currently used are summarised in Appendices. Knowledge gaps are highlighted to prompt research to enhance the evidence base for future revision of these guidelines.

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“…The reduction of sensitivity at low frequency provides strong evidence in favour of the hypothesis of lateral inhibition occurring either due to neural processing in the octopus brain, after information has been encoded into spikes, or due to the interaction between photoreceptors via collateral fibres [12][13][14][15]22,24], as has been demonstrated in Limulus [23].…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, the cephalopod eye does not have a neural retina. Instead, cephalopod photoreceptors generate spikes themselves and their axons form the optic nerve [12,13]. The area of the cephalopod brain where the optic nerve projects-the plexiform layer of the optic lobe-is thought to be analogous to the vertebrate neural retina, and is called 'deep retina' [14,15].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Contrast sensitivity and behavioural evidence for lateral inhibition in octopus

Nahmad-Rohen

Vorobyev

2019

Biol. Lett.

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Behavioural contrast sensitivity in Octopus tetricus was measured in the range of 0.05-12 cycles per degree (cpd) using a fixation reflex. We show that the contrast sensitivity reaches its maximum (between 1 and 4%) at 0.3 cpd, and decreases to approximately half of the maximum value at the lowest spatial frequency. Reduction of sensitivity at low spatial frequency is a signature of lateral inhibition in visual systems. In vertebrates and insects, lateral inhibition helps to overcome the bottleneck of encoding information into spikes. In octopus, photoreceptors generate spikes themselves and are directly connected to the brain through their axons. Therefore, the neural processing occurring in the octopus brain cannot help overcome the bottleneck of encoding information into spikes. We conclude that, in octopus, either the lateral inhibition occurs in the brain after information has been encoded into spikes, or photoreceptors inhibit each other. This is the first time behavioural contrast sensitivity has been measured in a cephalopod.

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Retinal responses in squid and octopus

Cited by 33 publications

References 19 publications

The effects of prospective anaesthetic substances on cephalopods: Summary of original data and a brief review of studies over the last two decades

The effects of prospective anaesthetic substances on cephalopods: Summary of original data and a brief review of studies over the last two decades

Guidelines for the Care and Welfare of Cephalopods in Research –A consensus based on an initiative by CephRes, FELASA and the Boyd Group

Contrast sensitivity and behavioural evidence for lateral inhibition in octopus

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